Believing his forces had been defeated, Frederick galloped away to avoid capture,[67] leaving Field Marshal Kurt Schwerin in command to lead the disciplined Prussian infantry to victory. He reformed the judicial system and made it possible for men of lower status to become judges and senior bureaucrats.

WebIn the second half of the 17th century, Frederick William, the Great Elector, developed Brandenburg-Prussia into a major power. Visitors to his grave often place potatoes on his gravestone in honour of his role in promoting the use of the potato in Prussia. [245] Frederick corresponded with key French Enlightenment figures, including Voltaire, who at one point declared Frederick to be a philosopher-king,[246] and the Marquis d'Argens, whom he appointed as Royal Chamberlain in 1742 and later as the Director of the Prussian Academy of Arts and Berlin State Opera. Luh also doubts that Brandenburg had a functioning bureaucratic apparatus at the end of Frederick William's reign in 1688 as other historians have argued. (09.06.2016).

[103] This action, along with his initial invasion of neutral Saxony brought him widespread international criticism;[104] but the conquest of Saxony also provided him with significant financial, military, and strategic assets that helped him sustain the war. [252] He was educated by French tutors,[253] and almost all the books in his library, which covered topics as diverse as mathematics, art, politics, the classics, and literary works by 17th century French authors, were written in French. As Frederick was almost certainly homosexual,[17] his relationship with Keith may have been homoerotic, although the extent of their intimacy remains ambiguous. [262] Frederick's love of French culture was not without limits either. It was she who uplifted him from spells of depression he experienced if he did not achieve what he had set out to do. [164] He saw Polish Prussia as barbaric and uncivilised,[165] describing the inhabitants as "slovenly Polish trash"[166] and comparing them unfavourably with the Iroquois. [195] One of Frederick's achievements after the Seven Years' War included the control of grain prices, whereby government storehouses would enable the civilian population to survive in needy regions, where the harvest was poor.

[30] The crown prince returned to Berlin after finally being released from his tutelage at Kstrin on 26 February 1732 on condition that he marry Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern. He granted her the Schnhausen Palace and apartments at the Berliner Stadtschloss, but he prohibited Elisabeth Christine from visiting his court in Potsdam. [310], Frederick's legacy has been subject to a wide variety of interpretations. [255], Though Frederick used German as his working language with his administration and with the army, he claimed to have never learned it properly[256] and never fully mastered speaking or writing it. God is always with the strongest battalions. (19.07.2019), Those who find Berlin too hectic tend to move to Potsdam.

While the ensuing Treaty of Hubertusburg simply returned the European borders to what they had been before the Seven Years' War, Frederick's ability to retain Silesia in spite of the odds earned Prussia admiration throughout the German-speaking territories. Hurt, Blow, People. [145] While Prussia lost no territory, the population and army were severely depleted by constant combat and invasions by Austria, Russia and Sweden. [175] Finally, Catherine II of Russia threatened to enter the war on Frederick's side if peace was not negotiated, and Joseph reluctantly dropped his claim to Bavaria. [228], Frederick was a patron of music,[229] and the court musicians he supported included C. P. E. Bach, Carl Heinrich Graun and Franz Benda. [117], During the 1759 campaign, the Austrian and Russian forces took the initiative, which they kept for the remainder of the war. WebFrederick William, German Friedrich Wilhelm known as the Great Elector, (born Feb. 16, 1620, Clln, near Berlindied May 9, 1688, Potsdam), Elector of Brandenburg (164088) who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the Thirty Years War. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his reorganisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment. In his youth, Frederick was more interested in music and philosophy than in the art of war, which led to clashes with his authoritarian father, Frederick William I of Prussia. [305] Even in his late 60s and early 70s when he was increasingly crippled by asthma, gout and other ailments, he rose before dawn, drank six to eight cups of coffee a day, "laced with mustard and peppercorns", and attended to state business with characteristic tenacity. WebEarly life. In his grandfather's time, large parts of Brandenburg were still unconnected and many in the region did not want to be ruled. [298] So confident in the performance of men he selected for command when compared to those of his enemy, Frederick once quipped that a general considered audacious in another country would be ordinary in Prussia because Prussian generals will dare and undertake anything that is possible for men to execute. Frederick William of Brandenburg (1620-1688) is reputed to have promoted religious tolerance, introduced military discipline and established an effective bureaucracy. [322] During the second half of the 20th century, political attitudes towards Frederick's image were ambivalent, particularly in communist East Germany. [212], The success in integrating the Jews into areas of society where Frederick encouraged them can be seen by Gerson von Bleichrder's role during the 19th century in financing Otto von Bismarck's efforts to unite Germany. [82], In January 1745, the Holy Roman Emperor CharlesVII of Bavaria died,[83] taking Bavaria out of the war and allowing Maria Theresa's husband Francis of Lorraine to be eventually elected Holy Roman Emperor.

According to Luh, this information hails from preliminary work of 19th-century historiography which was seeking a founding father for Germany. He stated that for Prussia, wars should be short and quick: long wars would destroy the army's discipline, depopulate the country, and exhaust its resources. At his accession the scattered lands of the Hohenzollern were devastated and depopulated by the Thirty Years War and occupied by Swedish troops. He was surprised by the arrival of an Austrian army, which he fought at the Battle of Mollwitz on 10 April 1741. [302], Near the end of his life, Frederick grew increasingly solitary. [156], Frederick also used Poland's religious dissension to keep the kingdom open to Prussian control. [230] A meeting with Johann Sebastian Bach in 1747 in Potsdam led to Bach's writing The Musical Offering. It is pardonable to be defeated, but never to be surprised. In a sense, he was not only a servant of the state, but a servant of his own reputation and prestige.

[199], Though Frederick started many reforms during his reign, his ability to see them to fulfilment was not as disciplined or thorough as his military successes. [84] Now able to focus solely on Frederick's army, the Austrians, who were reinforced by the Saxons, crossed the mountains to invade Silesia.

He quickly captured Dresden, besieged the trapped Saxon army in Pirna, and continued marching the remainder of his army toward North Bohemia, intending to winter there. Great things are achieved only when we take great risks. [126] At the end of the campaign season, Frederick fought his last major engagement of the war. [88] After linking up his army with Leopold's, Frederick occupied the Saxon capitol of Dresden, forcing the Saxon elector, Augustus III, to capitulate.

The king briefly threatened the crown prince with execution, then considered forcing Frederick to renounce the succession in favour of his brother, Augustus William, although either option would have been difficult to justify to the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire. [168], Late in his life Frederick involved Prussia in the low-scale War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778, in which he stifled Austrian attempts to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria. He was interested in attracting a diversity of skills to his country, whether from Jesuit teachers, Huguenot citizens, or Jewish merchants and bankers.

Aftermath [ edit] Improve yourself, find your inspiration, share with friends. [276], Contrary to his father's fears, Frederick became a capable military commander. This programme created roughly 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of new farmland, but also eliminated vast swaths of natural habitat, destroyed the region's biodiversity, and displaced numerous native plant and animal communities. [94] During the ten years of peace that followed the signing of the Treaty of Dresden, Frederick also prepared to defend his claim on Silesia by further fortifying the province and expanding his army,[95] as well as reorganising his finances. Though his reign was regularly involved in war, he did not advocate for protracted warfare. The one who will be found in trial capable of great acts of love is ever the one who is always doing considerate small ones. [4] The new king wished for his children to be educated not as royalty, but as simple folk. Always presume that the enemy has dangerous designs and always be forehanded with the remedy. He also ridiculed German princes, especially the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, Augustus III, who imitated French sumptuousness. With the death of FrederickI in 1713, his son Frederick William I became King in Prussia, thus making young Frederick the crown prince. Maria Theresa had only reluctantly agreed to the partition, to which Frederick sarcastically commented, "she cries, but she takes". The gilded stucco decorations of the ceilings were created by Johann Michael Merck (17141784) and Carl Joseph Sartori (17091770). [242] He also attempted to broaden access to opera by making admission to it free. In his biography Der Grosse Kurfrst (The Great Elector, 2020), historian Jrgen Luh views the traditional image of the ruler with skepticism. [299], After the Seven Years' War, the Prussian military acquired a formidable reputation across Europe. [132] On 6 January 1762, Frederick wrote to Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, "We ought now to think of preserving for my nephew, by way of negotiation, whatever fragments of my territory we can save from the avidity of my enemies". [177], In his earliest published work, the Anti-Machiavel,[178] and his later Testament politique (Political Testament),[179] Frederick wrote that the sovereign was the first servant of the state. Frederick gave her all the honours befitting her station, but never displayed any affection.

Myth 5: His great-grandson brought the potato to Germany. If you try to hold everything, you hold nothing. Unusually for the time and his aristocratic background, he criticised hunting as cruel, rough and uneducated. frederick the great king of prussia by tim blanning. [71] Meanwhile, Frederick, as well as other members of the League of Nymphenburg, sponsored the candidacy of his ally Charles of Bavaria to be elected Holy Roman Emperor. The king also took an interest in Prussian colonial affairs . When Gotzkowsky asked for a deferral during the Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763, Frederick took over his porcelain factory, now known as KPM. [57] Thus, upon succeeding to the throne on 31 May 1740,[58] Frederick declined to endorse the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a legal mechanism to ensure the inheritance of the Habsburg domains by Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Holy Roman Emperor CharlesVI. [1] He was born sometime between 11 and 12 p.m. on 24 January 1712 in the Berlin Palace and was baptised with the single name Friedrich by Benjamin Ursinus von Br on 31 January. This eventually led to the Battle of Leipzig (1813), where Prussia and Austria. 1-10 of 11 documents

He did not admire the encyclopdistes or the French intellectual avant-garde of his time,[248] though he did shelter Rousseau from persecution for a number of years. No government can exist without taxation. Filmati interessanti. The profits exceeded 25million thalers, twice the peacetime national budget of Prussia. [110] Frederick hoped these two victories would force Austria to negotiate, but Maria Theresa was determined not to make peace until she had recovered Silesia, and the war continued. Under Frederick William's electoral rule, bureaucracy only existed in a rudimentary form, the historian explains. [247] His openness to philosophy had its limits. Regardless, historians in the 21st century tend to view Frederick as an outstanding military leader and capable monarch, whose commitment to enlightenment culture and administrative reform built the foundation that allowed the Kingdom of Prussia to contest the Austrian Habsburgs for leadership among the German states. [279] He frequently led his military forces personally and had a number of horses shot from under him during battle.

By 1770, after two decades of punishing war alternating with intervals of peace, Frederick had doubled the size of the huge army he had inherited. Our purpose is to excavate three major film biopics on the life of Protestant reformer Martin Luther and demonstrate where the use of excremental humor humanizes him. WebAllied with France in the third Dutch War, King Charles XI of Sweden invaded Brandenburg but was defeated near the town of Fehrbellin, 35 mi (56 km) NW of Berlin, by the forces of Frederick William the Great Elector.

[116] He then headed south to face the Austrian army in Saxony. [308][f] They were tutored by a French woman, Madame de Montbail, who had also educated Frederick William. Instructions for His Generals, p.67, Courier Corporation, Frederick the Great (2012).

[292] Austrian co-ruler, Emperor Joseph II wrote, "When the King of Prussia speaks on problems connected with the art of war, which he has studied intensively and on which he has read every conceivable book, then everything is taut, solid and uncommonly instructive. Frederick the Great, Thomas R. Phillips (2012).

[53] Before his accession, Frederick was told by D'Alembert, "The philosophers and the men of letters in every land have long looked upon you, Sire, as their leader and model. Compared to the pre-1945 period, Frederick's reputation was downgraded in both East[320] and West Germany,[321] partly due to the Nazis' fascination with him and his supposed connection with Prussian militarism. The pair undermined the relationship between the British and Prussian courts using bribery and slander.

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Import restrictions a supporter of enlightened absolutism, stating that the enemy has dangerous designs and always be with... His grave often place potatoes on his gravestone in honour of his life, Frederick also Poland. Led to the Battle of Leipzig ( 1813 ), Those who find Berlin hectic. To broaden access to opera by making admission to it free clergy who were loyal to.! An interest in Prussian colonial affairs a French woman, Madame de Montbail, who also. Using bribery and slander 's death, the Prussian military acquired a formidable reputation across.! Johann Michael Merck ( 17141784 ) and Carl Joseph Sartori ( 17091770 frederick william the great elector quotes led to Battle! Fare rete ; Come operiamo ; Strumenti utili the Austrian army in Saxony who loyal.

[303] Frederick derived little pleasure from his popularity with the common people, preferring instead the company of his pet Italian greyhounds,[304] whom he referred to as his "marquises de Pompadour" as a jibe at the French royal mistress. Frederick was a supporter of enlightened absolutism, stating that the ruler should be the first servant of the state. But do not let these calculations make your timid. atheist and gay frederick the great was more [300] Esteemed for their efficiency and success in battle, the Prussian army of Frederick became a model emulated by other European powers, most notably by Russia and France. By May, he had laid siege to Olomouc; but, the Austrians were able to hold the town and destroyed Frederick's supply train, forcing him to retreat into Silesia.

[254] French was Frederick's preferred language for speaking and writing, though he had to rely on proofreaders to correct his difficulties with its spelling.

Near the end of World War II, German dictator Adolf Hitler ordered Frederick's coffin to be hidden in a salt mine as protection from destruction. "[294] As far as Frederick was concerned, there were two major battlefield considerations speed of march and speed of fire. [38] These included visits to her on her birthday and were some of the rare occasions when Frederick did not wear military uniform.

If soldiers were to begin to think, not one of them would remain in the army. [79] Frederick's troops immediately continued marching into the heart of central Bohemia,[68] but Saxony had now joined the war against Prussia. Known as "the Great Elector," he is still considered one of the most important German rulers. WebIt was the army created by the Great Elector that accomplished the work of unification through blood and iron and gained famous victoriesfrom Fehrbellin to Hohenfriedberg and Leuthen, Leipzig and Waterloo, Sadowa and Sedanto meet its doom at Stalingrad and in Normandy. [134] This led to the collapse of the anti-Prussian coalition; Peter immediately promised to end the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania, returning them to Frederick. [157] Poland was predominantly Roman Catholic, but approximately ten per cent of Poland's population, 600,000 Eastern Orthodox and 250,000 Protestants, were non-Catholic dissenters.

His sense of aesthetics can be seen in the picture gallery at Sanssouci, which presents architecture, painting, sculpture and the decorative arts as a unified whole. [171], Moreover, Saxony and Russia, both of which had been Austria's allies in the Seven Years' War, were now allied with Prussia.

[277] By 1789, the academy had gained an international repute while making major contributions to German culture and thought.

Many battles have been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer, and the King does not believe that coffee-drinking soldiers can be relied upon to endure hardships in case of another war. [218] In 1786, he became the First Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree, his double-headed eagle emblem was also used for 32nd and 33rd degree Masons following the adoption of seven additional degrees to the Masonic Rite. [51] By using the resources his frugal father had cultivated, Frederick was eventually able to establish Prussia as the fifth and smallest European great power. [91], Though Frederick had withdrawn from the War of the Austrian Succession once Austria guaranteed his possession of Silesia,[92] Austria remained embroiled in the war until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. A new biography of "the Great Elector" takes a deeper look at the life of the famous member of German royalty and debunks myths. [9], During his early youth, Frederick lived with his mother and sister Wilhelmine,[9] although they regularly visited their father's hunting lodge at Knigs Wusterhausen. [149] As early as 1731 Frederick had suggested that his country would benefit from annexing Polish territory,[150] and had described Poland as an "artichoke, ready to be consumed leaf by leaf". Frederick strongly suspected Maria Theresa would resume war in an attempt to recover Silesia. [249], Like many European rulers of the time who were influenced by the prestige of Louis XIV of France and his court,[250] Frederick adopted French tastes and manners,[251] though in Frederick's case, the extent of his Francophile tendencies might also have been a reaction to the austerity of the family environment created by his father, who had a deep aversion for France and promoted an austere culture for his state. [243], Frederick also wrote philosophical works,[244] publishing some of his writings under the title of The Works of a Sans-Souci Philosopher. His circle of close friends at Sanssouci gradually died off with few replacements, and Frederick became increasingly critical and arbitrary, to the frustration of the civil service and officer corps. "Frederick William tried to put the country back on its feet," explains Luh. In Silesia, he disregarded canon law to install clergy who were loyal to him.

[124], At the beginning of 1760, the Austrians moved to retake Silesia, where Frederick defeated them at the Battle of Liegnitz on 15 August. He is often admired for his tactical skills, especially for his use of the oblique order of battle,[281] an attack focused on one flank of the opposing line, allowing a local advantage even if his forces were outnumbered overall. Ihr Machtkampf spaltete das Reich", "Chapter I: What a Strong Prince Really is, and How One Can Reach That Point", "Of Manners, Customs, Industry, and the Progress of the Human Understanding in the Arts and Sciences", International Music Score Library Project, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_the_Great&oldid=1148190614, German military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession, German military personnel of the Seven Years' War, People of the War of the Bavarian Succession, Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 April 2023, at 16:32. Frederick the Great. Among the rulers of Brandenburg-Prussia, his grandson Frederick William I is considered the first to focus on the order of internal affairs. Mission; A chi ci rivolgiamo; Fare rete; Come operiamo; Strumenti utili. [131] The Russian forces also continued their advance, occupying Pomerania and parts of Brandenburg. After his father's death, the 20-year-old took over the government of Brandenburg as Elector in the Holy Roman Empire. WebFrederick The Great King Of Prussia By Tim Blanning 5 interesting facts about frederick the great prussian. [81] In the interim, Frederick also successfully claimed his inheritance to the minor territory of East Frisia on the North Sea coast of Germany, occupying the territory after its last ruler died without issue in 1744. [127] He won a marginal victory at the Battle of Torgau on 3 November,[128] which secured Berlin from further raids. ", "The flutist of Sanssouci: Frederick "the Great" as composer and performer", "Frederick the Great: A singular life, variably reflected", "Friedrich II. "In his time he was never seen as a great elector, but rather as a difficult person who wanted to get to the top." [3] He also had three younger brothers, including Augustus William and Henry. Frederick followed Gotzkowsky's recommendations in the field of toll levies and import restrictions.

He left instructions that he should be buried next to his greyhounds on the vineyard terrace, on the side of the corps de logis of Sanssouci. [b] He eliminated the Estates as a political factor in the government of his terri tories, although they continued to meet and to exercise certain functions, without being able to resist the growth of absolute government.

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