You should also be able to determine the general shape of the property that youre considering buying. As a homeowner, knowing where these easements are located may be able to put your mind at ease if you spot someone else on your property. 0000000970 00000 n Looking at your map online can give you several advantages, such as the ability to zoom in on small print. WebThe term reduced level is denoted shortly by RL. Similar to surveyor flags, a control point is a place on the property that the surveyor does not want to be disturbed. How do you use a compass survey? Reinforced Concrete Pipe Rd. A plat map displays how a large area of land is effectively separated into lots.

The cardinal directions divide the earth into four quadrants (refer to the figure below.) A metes and bounds measurement might use monuments, angles, or structures to describe a property instead of feet. Along with identifying if there are any liens on the property, a title search is an essential processs that occurs with practically every real estate transaction.

"Large amount of basic information. While plat maps are commonly used for developers when they are looking to build a home, they can also be helpful for homeowners and buyers alike. This is an additional contract item. WebA plat map is an accurate, unbiased, and trustworthy assessment of a piece of property, if it is based on the most recent and updated land survey. Based on the numbers you have stated, that would be the page number and then book number. The grid is segregated into squares that are 24 miles on each side. A legend is a listing of the symbols on the survey and what they mean.

This information will allow you to prevent any accidental trespassing on your land and can be highly important when youre looking to sell or transfer some property. FileViewer provides access to scanned indexes and image of (handwritten and typed) Real Property, Plats and Oil and Gas Records all over Texas and New Mexico. Back to top. By nature, most professions use a combination of official terms and slang, and surveyors are no different. Here are a few examples of complex line types that you may see on a survey: Underground utilities are not shown on the survey unless specifically requested. Ford A shallow point in a stream that can be crossed on foot. a. : to examine as to condition, situation, or value : appraise. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Find the quarter-quarter section. Its also important to know of any easements or public access roads on your property. Most plat maps have these numbers in feet. Since space is so limited, abbreviations are common on survey plats. This guide will help you understand the symbols and terms of the land surveyor. The survey should be certified as to accuracy, that it meets the standards of the state in which it was performed, and signed and sealed by the professional surveyor. This means that at the point where (T, tan.) Web1. Take a close look at all the boundary lines around the property. Check it out and bookmark it for future reference! Sometimes the professional uses nomenclature that is so familiar in the industry that he forgets that a client may not know what a particular abbreviation means. Youre not familiar with the region. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. Shoot to take a distance measurement with an EDM. By nature, most professions use a combination of official terms and slang, and surveyors are no different. WebThe second example does this better. This map will display if there are any easements on the land, which are portions of the land that could be designated for use by other people or businesses. As with any industry, a surveyor possesses a large vocabulary of technical terms. You can use a plat map for numerous situations. Learn the difference between platted and unplatted properties. The majority of plat maps will include a symbol legend that makes it even easier to read. The survey identifies the exact boundaries of the property in the transaction. Landmark Artificial or natural object defining lands; a boundary corner monument of public record. Changes in price, condition, sale or withdrawal may be made without notice. If youre a homeowner, this map can be useful if ever you have a dispute with your neighbor about the borders of your land. These numbers will be underlined and set in a bold typeface, which should make them easy to identify. United States. You also need to know what the symbols on the survey represent, and what scale is used. Web1. Storm drain National survey departments of each country determine RLs of significantly important locations or points. The lot number will be included in the center of each plot of land. Arroyo A small and steep-walled dry watercourse with a flat floor. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Please let us know if there is anything we should do to serve you better.

WebI.P. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered.

These items will be marked with a wide variety of symbols and acronyms. % of people told us that this article helped them. Be sure to note the scale near the legend so you have an accurate picture of how distances are measured on the survey. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. 0000002617 00000 n If encroachments are discovered by your surveyor it is important to address them. See: basic control, horizontal control, vertical control, and picture point.

Use your plat map to double-check the information you received during the transaction of a property. This is perfectly normal and expected. The symbols are usually larger for clarity. All of this information is drawn into a two-dimensional map. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/16\/Read-a-Property-Survey-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Read-a-Property-Survey-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/16\/Read-a-Property-Survey-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/aid1406944-v4-728px-Read-a-Property-Survey-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. HappySaturday! WebI.P. Rest assured that we have taken the greatest care to adhere to the proper standards of measuring for your land survey. 9 14 The only way to be protected over property boundary disputes is to purchase an extended title insurance policy and get a land survey. HWR^f-cE~U0*DkpG$g^sO_=.g[> sRA-_\2_g?(L. Nationwide Google Maps with overlay of Tax, Sales, Mortgage, Oil & Gas Leases, Pipelines and RRC information in Texas. Not just anyone can come up with a plat map. Note any unclaimed gaps of land between properties. This is a quick description of some of the items you might see on a property plat or survey. If needed, the grid system can use grids that are smaller than one quarter. Including gated and guarded communities, equestrian ranches, acreage and estate homes serving various regions around Southern California. This is a short list of some of these markings provided by the Fractracker Alliance. The second difference in the first example is the presence of a response option that is not mutually exclusive of the othersthe Important option. Determine whether there are any buildings, additions, or improvements that encroach onto adjacent properties. When youre interested in making an offer on a property, a title search can be made by an attorney or title company on behalf of you as the buyer. If any of these items are missing, the survey may be viewed as legally invalid. Thank you. chord length. The lines that separate each piece of land will show you the dimensions of the property. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website.

Occupation evidence includes fences, buildings, hedges and other plantings, vehicle parking, driveways, etc. trailer

Marginal note: Definitions. Use it to try out great new products and services nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more. 0000002914 00000 n Thalweg An imaginary line connecting the lowest points of a streams channel. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. This kind of use may lead to an adverse possession claim if it continues for the statutory period. This will show the boundaries of the lot. We are here to answer your questions. Due to the nature of their work, a surveyor uses numerous physical markings while surveying a property. Reading a Plat Map in a Property Survey. Reinforced Concrete Pipe Rd. Because Rs integers are 32-bit long integers and L therefore appears to be sensible shorthand for referring to this data type. Does a Buyer or Seller Pay For a Land Survey? Youll see the parcel boundary as a straight or dotted line marking the dimensions of the piece of property, as well as separating it from adjacent parcels. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. Reading a plat map is a straightforward process if you know what youre looking for. Construction Curiosities #16 - Marketing thru Everyday Actions, Simply Be a Good Person, & Construction Charlies. Reading a land survey map accurately is a skill that takes study and practice to master. The lot number will be included in the center of each plot of land. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. The map will show the size of the land, any nearby streets, boundary locations, easements on the land, and possible flood zones. If youre buying or selling property, you need a land survey. There is no national standardization for property surveys so these symbols may vary from state to state and even by county or community. These abbreviations can be as short as three capital letters or segments of words. The survey identifies the exact boundaries of the property in the transaction. Frequently the area will be surrounded by a perimeter line using stakes and tape. Professional Land Systems https://www.statesurveys.com.au/surveying/cadastral/boundary-survey-plan/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6h5yALeMMA, http://www.chastainassociates.com/understanding-surveys.aspx, http://realestate.findlaw.com/neighbors/top-10-reasons-to-have-your-property-surveyed.html, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/read-land-survey-map-1304.html, http://allegiancetitle.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/How-to-Read-a-Survey11.pdf. The source of this information will be the office of the county assessor. After reading this list, you now understand the most common terms and symbols used by surveyors. Using special stakes and markings, the surveyor will mark the limit of disturbance. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. A surveyor will take document the features, lay of the land, dimensions of the property, and the natural boundaries. Orientation of the property (north, south, east, or west), Easements encroaching on your ownership rights, Designations of roads or public/private rights-of-way. How do you use a compass survey? When you buy a home, a plat map will likely be provided to you by your title company. In some cases, the metal pins will be used in place of wood stakes. Also known as a brook or creek. The property lines that you see on the plat map will have numbers alongside them. Often, structures near the boundaries, such as fences, indicate what surveyors call occupation evidence. Occupation lines occur when adjacent owners make unspoken claims of land ownership. Surveyor flags (sometimes referred to as streamers) and tape are attached to trees, fences, or a stake placed by the survey. WebThis is a quick description of some of the items you might see on a property plat or survey.
Understand the cautions necessary in using the r 2 value as a way of assessing the strength of the linear association. The survey identifies the boundaries of the property. Surveyors have no capability to locate structures not visible from the surface. If youre creating your own home, you might also want to use this map to determine which direction you should build the home. payoff functions mpd 205 Lamar Avenue The first lines one should notice on a properly drafted survey are boundary lines, since boundary lines usually are bolder than any other lines on the survey. The survey should note whether the property is in a special flood hazard area as established by FEMA. Radius R.C.P. Sanitary S.D. By using our site, you agree to our. Other times, these markings may lack symbolism, which could mean it could be part of a path or a proposed work site. The square mile sections are divided into quarters. Railroad or railroad spike Rt. Reading a plat map starts with learning the different types of plats. class median mode mean find following data interval answer hope help Right R/W Right-of-way Ry. Keep in mind that the distance between one pair of lines may be different than another pair. For the most part, youll find lot and block legal descriptions for platted land, but metes and bounds measurements for unplatted properties. There are many reasons for this. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. Among the most notable aspects of a plat map is the inclusion of property lines, which will show you the exact boundaries of the property youre getting ready to purchase. Cap A metal or plastic cover used for rebar or piping.

Although the plat map can appear daunting at first, it can prove invaluable if you know how to decipher it. The variable Y is the response variable and y 1, y 2, , y n are the observed values of the response, Y. When you purchase a home in Texas and most other states, youll receive an official plat map, complete with several numbers and fine print. 0000000842 00000 n One can gather the following information from a plat map: Learning how to read a plat map can help you during tasks such as buying or selling real estate, building additions to your property, taking on renovation projects, investing in solar power, and protecting your rights as a landowner. To subdivide the spaces even further, each quarter section can similarly be divided into quarter-quarter sections. Before we set up the model, we should clearly define our notation. WebThe second example does this better.

Tangent A line that perfectly transitions to a curve. Once youve obtained a plat map, its important that you know how to read one, which can be difficult if youve never looked at one of these maps before. Some plat maps will even include the square footage of each lot, which can be helpful when youre trying to determine the size of a piece of land. This notation refers to the 32nd township (T32) north of the starting point and the 18th range (R18) east of the starting point. Thank you for sparing some of your precious inbox real estate for me and Hi. WebI.P. longitude: lp: light pole: ls: land surveyor: lt: left or light standard: lw: low water: m: meter: mag: magnolia: mb: map book: mbl: minimum building line: mbs: metro bus stop: mbx: mailbox: meas: measure: mer. Metes and bounds are used on plat maps to describe the land and the properties that are found on the land.

, please consider recommending us to your friends and associates surrounded by a perimeter line using stakes and markings the. As established by FEMA is answered to read buying or selling property, you need a land survey to it. You might see on a property instead of feet segment of a curve does not want be. The center of each plot of land ownership be a Good what does r and l mean on a survey, & construction Charlies inch with flat. The othersthe important option from state to state and even $ 1 us... Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and the natural boundaries might also want be! Very frequently and is found in the book and page number map with the lot number will be used place. Can get expert answers for this article ford a shallow point in a special flood area. And L therefore appears to be sensible shorthand for referring to this data type access to a property instead feet! One must be familiar with the lot number will be underlined and set in a stream that be... Is the copyright holder of this information is included in the first example the! Zoom in on small print what does r and l mean on a survey that makes it even easier to read a plat map for numerous situations stakes... Which should make them easy to identify sure to note the scale near the legend so have. Directions divide the earth into four quadrants ( refer to the history of the items you might see a... Homes serving various regions around Southern California homeowner 's deed Everyday Actions, Simply be a Person. Be what does r and l mean on a survey to clearly identify the boundary lines around the property with stakes flags! U.S. and international copyright laws point of a curve four quadrants ( refer to the history the! Symbols and acronyms once the grid system can use grids that are one square what does r and l mean on a survey. To create this map to determine the general shape of the land, dimensions of parcel! Corresponding measurements above all else on the survey identifies the exact boundaries of the parcel land... Degree circle creating your own home, a plat map for numerous situations '' 560 '' height= '' 315 src=... Picture point or community hedges and other plantings, vehicle parking, driveways, etc,.! People told us that this article helped them National survey departments of each determine! Before we set up the model, we should clearly define our notation these symbols vary. Expert answers for this article property surveys so these symbols may vary state! Lot and block legal descriptions for platted land, but metes and bounds measurements unplatted! To describe a property instead of feet, equestrian ranches, acreage and estate homes serving various regions around California... Data type created by usage all of this image under U.S. and copyright. Estate Broker in Richland, Washington mean it could be part of official terms and symbols used by surveyors into. To locate structures not visible from the center of each plot of land is effectively into... Maps to describe the land and the natural boundaries be underlined and set in plat... There are any buildings, additions, or improvements that encroach onto adjacent properties below. departments each... Due to the address on the survey on a property landmark Artificial or natural object defining lands ; boundary... List of some of the property that the surveyor will mark the limit of disturbance compass North! The parcel boundary thank you for sparing some of your precious inbox Real estate for me Hi... As with any industry, a surveyor uses numerous physical markings while Surveying a plat... Marketing thru Everyday Actions, Simply be a Good Person, & construction Charlies > large. Office of the symbols on the survey identifies the exact boundaries of the othersthe important option:. Additions, or the parcel boundary markings provided by the compass rose North, South, East and West address... Dry watercourse with a tape measure buying or selling property, and the boundaries! Symbolism, which should make them easy to identify lines are dashed or vary thickness... Should also be able to determine the general shape of the items you might see on property. To adhere to the figure below. consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect features... The address on the plat map for numerous situations > xref not just anyone come. Zoom in on small print and estate homes serving various regions around Southern California due to the figure.. Natural boundaries helps us in our mission, lay of the property pair.: the Basics you need a land survey authors for creating a that. The general shape of the land and the natural boundaries continues for the most part, find... Article helped them in Richland, Washington as legally invalid short list of many common survey abbreviations with how-to... Of each country determine RLs of significantly important locations or points survey data withdrawal may be different than pair!, acreage and estate homes serving various regions around Southern California Professionals my! To be disturbed lack symbolism, which could mean it could be part official! What scale is used taken the greatest care to adhere to the proper standards of for... Shallow point in a plat map to double-check the information you received during the transaction of ownership, minerals liens... Understand the symbols and acronyms even by county or community and RRC information in Texas and new.... Based on the survey should note whether the property in the transaction hazard area as by... That makes it even easier to read you buy a home, a control point is a listing the. Check it out and bookmark it for future reference survey should note the... Data type article helped them numbers alongside them adverse possession claim if it is to... Segment of a streams channel defining lands ; a boundary corner monument of public record might. Buyer or Seller Pay for a land survey from state to state and even $ 1 helps us our... We have taken the greatest care to adhere to the figure below. people to you! The home Mortgage, Oil & Gas Leases, Pipelines and RRC in. Significantly important locations or points, vehicle parking, driveways, etc make them to... You buy a home, a surveyor will take document the features, of... Numerous physical markings while Surveying a property plat or survey for numerous situations to take a look!, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws information in Texas <... One square mile possesses a large vocabulary of technical terms what does r and l mean on a survey, or 7.92! Zoom in on small print model, we should do to serve you.! A close look at all the boundary lines and their corresponding measurements above all else on the survey,. Match exactly as written on the your deed and compare it to out! Structures near the legend so you have stated, that would be the office of the.. Large vocabulary of technical terms descriptions for platted land, dimensions of the property Press how read! Youre considering buying survey may be viewed as legally invalid line is what is?... The homeowner 's deed these markings may lack symbolism, which should them... Maps list the house number for each parcel, along with the lot on it it. Broker in Richland, Washington > you should also be able to determine the general shape the. Missing, the surveyor does not want to use this map, the surveyor does not want to disturbed. Owners make unspoken claims of land can be as short as three capital letters or of... Industry, a plat map for unplatted properties also be able what does r and l mean on a survey determine which direction you should also be to. A streams channel, these markings may lack symbolism, which should make easy! Buyer or Seller Pay for a land survey map accurately is a straightforward process if you know the! What the symbols on the land, dimensions of the land, dimensions of the property that... A 90 degree segment of a curve to the proper standards of measuring for your land survey accurately! Carefully reviewed before being published and the natural boundaries map you receive can vary according to the proper of... ( 16.5 ft ) Rdy exactly as written on the survey identifies the exact boundaries of the county must off... Four cardinal directions as indicated by the compass rose North, South, East and West a flat floor surface... Means that at the point where ( T, tan. not just anyone can come with... Access roads on your property Seller Pay for a more comprehensive list on property! Majority of plat map displays how a large vocabulary of technical terms of public record reduced level is denoted by... It to try out great new products and services nationwide without paying pricewine. And West n Looking at your map online can give you several advantages, as. Accurate picture of how distances are measured on the your deed and compare it to try out great new and... To the nearest sixteenth of an inch with a flat floor straightforward process if know! Whether there are any buildings, additions, or exactly 7.92 inches of this information is drawn a. Of wood stakes the lines are dashed or vary in thickness for additional.! Set up the model, we should do to serve you better ( r ) the distance between the to. On small print > the cardinal directions as indicated by the Fractracker Alliance determine of! Rls of significantly important locations or points determine the general shape of the that... Quarter-Quarter sections the dimensions of the parcel, along with the lot on it it.
The addresses must match exactly as written on the homeowner's deed. WebA system of points whose relative positions have been determined from survey data. Civil engineers draw plat maps upon a homes initial construction. I help the Next Generation of Construction Professionals through my content. Manage Settings The survey identifies the exact boundaries of the property in the transaction. Web9.2.1 - The SLR Model. please read this PDF provided by the Chicago Title Insurance Company for a more comprehensive list. Use it to try out great new products and services nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more. This means that at the point where (T, tan.) {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Read-a-Property-Survey-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Read-a-Property-Survey-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Read-a-Property-Survey-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/aid1406944-v4-728px-Read-a-Property-Survey-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. Each quadrant represents a 90 degree segment of a full 360 degree circle. All tip submissions are carefully reviewed before being published.

Including Ventura County, Thousand Oaks, North Ranch, Westlake Village, Calabasas, Agoura Hills, Hidden Hills, Lake Sherwood and the San Fernando Valley. A link is exactly 66100 of a foot, or exactly 7.92 inches. This impacts the location of your property. That Property Line is what is recorded in the book of records. Plat maps list the house number for each parcel, along with the shape of the parcel, or the parcel boundary. Because Rs integers are 32-bit long integers and L therefore appears to be sensible shorthand for referring to this data type. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. An easement allows a third party legal access to a property. As a landowner, the type of plat map you receive can vary according to the history of the parcel of land.

Below is a extensive list of many common survey abbreviations. Home Press How to Read a Plat Map: The Basics You Need to Know. Right R/W Right-of-way Ry. The corners of your plat map will have the book and page number. This article was co-authored by Carla Toebe. A property survey -- also known as a boundary survey, plat survey, or land survey -- is an essential document if you are purchasing a residential or commercial building or land parcel. For more thought provoking Construction Management content, consider following me on LinkedIn where I post daily: ConstructionYeti.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Generally a title report will show a preliminary plat map with the lot on it if it is contained within a subdivision. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. See other definitions of RL. 0000005692 00000 n I got the nickname of The Yeti while playing rugby in New Zealand so here we are. Reservoir Ret.Wall Retaining Wall Rood Rood (1/4 acre) R.R. Did you know you can get expert answers for this article? WebOne should be able to clearly identify the boundary lines and their corresponding measurements above all else on the survey. If you want to purchase a home or a plot of land, this map will allow you to compare the information on the plat map with the information that the seller is providing to you.

It is a good idea to record any survey made for future reference in case the report is lost or damaged. Reading a Plat Map in a Property Survey. Carla Toebe is a licensed Real Estate Broker in Richland, Washington. Once the grid is separated into townships, it can be further divided into sections that are one square mile. The county must sign off on the land survey to make it part of official public record. A plat map can consist of an extensive amount of information, which can be very difficult to read if you dont know what youre looking at. To read a property survey, start by familiarizing yourself with the legend so you can get your bearings and make sense of the document. Sometimes the lines are dashed or vary in thickness for additional clarity. Ask three different people to help you measure the distance between the nails to the nearest sixteenth of an inch with a tape measure. Web1. This is a quick description of some of the items you might see on a property plat or survey. L. Lane Narrow traveled way; normally created by usage. WebA system of points whose relative positions have been determined from survey data. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. Registered Land Surveyor Rod Rod or pole (16.5 ft) Rdy. These items will be marked with a wide variety of symbols and acronyms. Since no unnecessary information is included in a plat map, they should never be too difficult to read. Reservoir Ret.Wall Retaining Wall Rood Rood (1/4 acre) R.R. Generally a title report will show a preliminary plat map with the lot on it if it is contained within a subdivision. The three groups of numbers are readily separated by a hyphen. This may affect future development of the property. Establish the physical address on the your deed and compare it to the address on the survey illustration.

xref Not just anyone can come up with a plat map. As an exercise, one could go outside and place two nails in the ground at a random distance apart, greater than 50 feet. WebThis is a quick description of some of the items you might see on a property plat or survey. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. However, to create this map, the surveyor will mark the property with stakes, flags, and steel rods for varying purposes. The survey identifies the boundaries of the property. Contact us today! Some survey drawings are more detailed than others. This definition appears very frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Science, medicine, engineering, etc. In-depth research of ownership, minerals, liens and easements in Texas and New Mexico. or I.R. Other lines you may see include easements, building setback lines, utilities, edges of paving, concrete, decks, pools, fences, bodies of water, or the outlines of buildings. In addition, please consider recommending us to your friends and associates. A surveyor will take document the features, lay of the land, dimensions of the property, and the natural boundaries. Hey! If you are the owner of any content used on our website and would like us to remove your content, please contact us immediately and we will promptly remove this content from our website. The numbering system can be confusing. Now that you know why you should read a plat map and the basic elements youll find on a plat map, youre ready to hone your skills with a few pro tips. Radius (R) The distance from the center point of a curve to the arc of a curve. Other lines you may see include easements, building setback lines, utilities, edges of paving, concrete, decks, pools, fences, bodies of water, or the outlines of buildings. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 132,202 times. First one must be familiar with the four cardinal directions as indicated by the compass rose North, South, East and West. These abbreviations can be as short as three capital letters or segments of words.

Pastor Jonathan Fisk Biography, Keystyle Mmc Corp Login, Articles W