Waldfogel, J. These estimates include OECD member states, as well as some other non-member countries, and they are the longest available series of cross-country data on the gender pay gap that we are aware of. How does it change over time? Actually, middle-income countries tend to have the smallest pay gap. On this front there is again a great deal of evidence in support of the so-called motherhood penalty. Available here. IV Evidence from IVF Treatments. A most egalitarian profession: pharmacy and the evolution of a family-friendly occupation. Iceland remains the only economy to have closed more than 90% of its gender gap. By this measure the gender wage gap can be negative. Find, compare and share OECD data by indicator. South Korea, on the other hand, is the country with the highest gender pay gap of the OECD countries with a 31 percent difference between the genders. at the bottom of the chart. But what is it? Secondly, we see that there are important differences by age. The service and financial sectors experience the largest disparity in terms of pay while the men dominated the construction and utility sector in terms of For a discussion of this mechanism, see page 814, Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. She touches on some well-known restrictions, such as those against the training and employment of women as doctors and lawyers, before focusing on the lesser known but even more impactful marriage bars which arose in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Other Scandinavian countries such as Finland (86%, 2nd), Norway (84.5%, 3rd) and Sweden (82.2%, 5th) feature in the top 5, with additional European countries such as Ireland (80.4%) and Germany (80.1%) in 9th and 10th positions, respectively. Another early example is from Neumark et al. (We explore the ILO data above. Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring: An audit study. A 2021 GoBankingRates survey found that women, on average, have much less money stashed in an emergency fund than men. Hence, while the unexplained residual gives us a first-order approximation of what is going on, we need much more detailed data and analysis in order to say something definitive about the role of discrimination in observed pay differences. It is the longest-standing index which tracks progress towards closing these gaps over time since its inception in 2006. The adjusted gender pay gap has shrunk. Women are often overrepresented in low-paying jobs. Gender gaps in leadership by industry: The share of women hired into leadership roles has seen a steady increase, from 33.3% in 2016 to 36.9% in 2022.

Discrimination in hiring practices can exist in the absence of pay gaps for example, if women know they will be treated unfairly and hence choose not to participate in the labor market. During the sixteen-year period since the report's inception, each subindex has shown different trends. ILO data shows similar trends for the period 2000-2015. the gender pay gaps tend to be smaller where relatively fewer women participate in the labor force, firms with female managers tend to also be firms with more female workers, pay gap between the average wages of men and women, most high-income countries have seen sizeable reductions in the gender pay gap, women tend to do more unpaid care work at home than men, A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter, family-friendly policies contribute to improve female labor force participation and reduce the gender pay gap, statistical gender gaps in maths scoresin some countries, show particular predisposition to accept and receive requests for tasks with low promotion potential, How well do innate gender differences explain the gender pay gap?, only 18% of people in the US thought that a wife should work if her husband was able to support her, https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/gender-statistics, http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2020/dataexplorer/, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators. We explain the decline in hourly earnings, which is often referred to as the motherhood penalty, by women moving to lower-paid jobs that are closer to home.. Goldin, C., & Rouse, C. (2000). Data from the Global Gender Gap Index shows the progression of women in leadership in public office.

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Comparing this year's results against last year's by examining the 145 countries covered in both the 2021 and 2022 editions shows that the overall gender parity score rose from 67.9% to 68.1%. The region has bridged 72.6% of its gender gap. 1. (2008). Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap in different countries. North America leads all regions, having closed 76.9% of its gender gap. In most rich countries, its small when formal education ends and employment begins, and it increases with age. The conclusion is that in most countries with available data, the gender pay gap has decreased in the last couple of decades. The previous discussion focused on particularly aspects one by one. So, for example, a country might be coded as No if women are only allowed to work in certain jobs within the mining industry, such as health care professionals within mines, but not as miners. At this pace, it would take 152 years to close the regional gender gap. In their review of the evidence, Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn (2017) show that there is limited empirical support for this argument.16. The Political Empowerment subindex registered significant advances towards parity between 2006 and 2016, fluctuating until 2021, after which it stalled below its 2019 peak. The chart shows the percentage of men and women who report borrowing any money in the past 12 months to start, operate, or expand a farm or business. For example, family-friendly labor-market policies that lead to higher labor-force attachment and salaries for women, will raise the returns to womens investment in education so women in future generations will be more likely to invest in education, which will also help narrow gender gaps in labor market outcomes down the line.25.

Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Looking across racial and ethnic groups, a wide gulf separates the earnings of Black and Hispanic women from the earnings of White men. 1. As we can see there is a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and the gender pay gap. 2017. Based on an analysis of 2019 data from 33 countries, representing 54% of the global working-age population, men's share of time spent in unpaid work as a proportion spent in total work was 19%, while for women this was 55%. On average, women globally are paid about 20 per cent less than men, the International Labour (ILO) Organization said on Sunday, International Equal Pay Day. 1. Employment-to-population ratio, men vs women, Female-to-male ratio of time devoted to unpaid care work, Gender equality in employment and economic benefits, Gender gap in hourly wages vs. ratio of female-to-male labor force participation, Participation of women in purchase decisions, Ratio of female-to-male median earnings by age, US, Share of low-pay earners who are female vs GDP per capita, Share of people who report preference for a male boss, Share of senior and middle management positions filled by women, Share of women in low-wage occupations in the US, The gender wage ratio in different income percentiles, The shrinking gender gap in high-level jobs and collective-bargaining coverage, Unadjusted gender gap in average hourly wages, Unadjusted gender wage gap including unemployed. This is shown in the chart here, where low-pay refers to workers earning less than two-thirds of the median (i.e.

Here we show that there are also large gaps in terms of access to borrowed capital. First, the unadjustedgender pay gap in the US shrunk over this period. Nicaragua and Germany are the new entrants in the top 10 in 2022, while Lithuania (79.9%,11th) and Switzerland (79.5%, 13th) drop out this year. In addition, the projected deepening of the current cost-of-living crisis is also likely to impact women more severely than men, as women continue to earn and accumulate wealth at lower levels. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. The discussion so far has emphasised the importance of job characteristics and occupational choice in explaining the gender pay gap. Similarly, the global average share of women in parliament rose from 14.9% to 22.9%. gender wage gap in different countries. In 2022, Central Asia reports the fourth-highest regional score out of the eight regions, just after North America, Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). All of our charts can be embedded in any site. Here, values below 100% mean that women earn less than men, while values above 100% mean than women earn more. The chart above shows that womens control over household spending tends to be greater in richer countries. In addition to percent differences, it is also common to express the gender pay gap as a simple ratio between wages. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) north carolina discovery objections / jacoby ellsbury house What makes women seek job flexibility and take a disproportionate amount of unpaid care work? And fourth, the green bars grew substantially in the 1980s, but stayed fairly constant thereafter. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. However, enrolment behaviour shows that men and women's skilling preferences continue to respond to traditional patterns, creating skilling gender gaps for both men and women. The global average share of women in ministerial positions nearly doubled between 2006 and 2022, increasing from 9.9% to 16.1%. 2017. However, within the region, there are important differences in countries' progress. Do men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? What else can be done? These estimates include OECD member states, as well as some other non-member countries, and they are the longest available series of cross-country data on the gender pay gap that we are aware of. First, we see that the series trends upwards, meaning the gap has been shrinking in the last couple of decades. Across EU Member States, the gender pay gap varied by 20.7 percentage points, ranging from -0.2 % in Luxembourg to 20.5 % in Estonia (Figure 1). As such, they were restricted to those countries in which taxes are collected on individual basis, rather than as couples.3. Based on the evolution of the global average scores for each subindex over the past 16 editions for the constant sample of 102 countries, at the current rates of progress, it will take 155 years to close the Political Empowerment gender gap, 151 years for the Economic Participation and Opportunity gender gap, and 22 years for the Educational Attainment gender gap. How is the gender pay gap changing over time? All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. Available online here. Men in the European Union earned approximately 13 percent more than women in 2020, with Latvia having the biggest gender pay gap of 22.3 percent in this year and Luxembourg having the lowest at 0. To answer this question, lets consider this chart showing available estimates from the OECD. For example, at the end of World War II only 18% of people in the US thought that a wife should work if her husband was able to support her. The line shows national averages, while the dots show averages for rich and poor households (i.e. The importance of job flexibility in this context is very clearly illustrated by the fact that, over the last couple of decades, women in the US increased their participation and remuneration in only some fields. (We explore the OECD data above.). Figure 1 shows a gap in monthly wages of almost $4,000 for women compared to men with a bachelors or advanced degree. As we can see, the second half of the 20th century saw global improvements, and the regions with the steepest increase in gender equality were Latin America and Western Europe. The cross-country comparisons aim to support the identification of the most effective policies to close gender gaps. Angola Angola has the most significant gender pay gap in the world, scoring just 2.83 out of seven. At first sight, this seems like good news it suggests that today there is less discrimination, in the sense that differences in earnings are today much more readily explained by differences in productivity factors. What does it tell us? documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. This blog post is closely related to a companion article where we discuss the drivers of the gender pay gap. Women often have limited influence over important household decisions, including how their own personal earned income is spent. This blog post from Justin Sandefur at the Center for Global Development shows that education also fails to explain wage gaps if we include workers with zero income (i.e. World Bank Publications. Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Source: You can explore these exceptions using the documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes. Biases also operate in other spheres of life with strong knock-on effects on labor market outcomes. the middle) of the earnings distribution.

When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male workers to all female workers irrespective of differences along these additional dimensions the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap. Note that these two examples are from Denmark a country that ranks high on gender equality measures and where there are legal guarantees requiring that a woman can return to the same job after taking time to give birth. Cross-country data on the gender pay gap is patchy, but the most complete source in terms of coverage is the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO). All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license. Add country This can have large knock-on effects: In agriculture and entrepreneurship, gender differences in access to productive inputs, including land and credit, can lead to gaps in earnings via lower productivity. If you move the slider to 1920, you will see that while gender equal inheritance systems were very rare in the early 20th century, today they are much more common. However, the ILO data shows similar trends for the period 2000-2015. We see that in many countries, notably in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, an important number of women have limited influence over major spending decisions. The decade of austerity that followed the 2008 Global Financial Crisis constrained sectors that provide the core of social infrastructure, affecting outcomes for families and primary caregivers - often women - during the pandemic. Because of this, researchers and policymakers often construct synthetic indicators that aggregate various dimensions. 3 In 2022, Black women earned 70% as much as White men and Hispanic women earned only 65% as much. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. (You can read about discrimination and equal pay for equal work in our post here). Cross-country data on the gender pay gap is patchy, but the most complete source in terms of coverage is the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO). In many countries men are more likely to own land and control productive assets than women. In the chart we show that this correlation also holds within countries: Womens control is greater in wealthier households. Both discrimination and inequality are important. The Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks the current state and evolution of gender parity across four key dimensions (Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment). Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). Iceland, Finland and Norway hold the topmost ranks in the world and in the region. The gender pay gap comes up often in political debates, policy reports, and everyday news. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. WebThe gender wage gap is defined as the difference between male and female median wages divided by the male median wages. Chefs had the second highest adjusted pay gap, with a gap of 24.6%, while C-suite execs were third with a gap of 24%. The chart shows this for the US. Journal of Labor Economics, 26(4), 621-654. Using tax records, they investigated the incomes of women and men separately across nine high-income countries. at the bottom of the chart. 1. Here we see that the gap is large in most OECD countries, but it has been going down in the last couple of decades. Based on the constant set of 102 countries covered since 2006, the region has a 60-year wait to close the gap. We highlight world regions by default, but you can add specific countries by using the option Average hourly earnings of male and female employees, Borrowing to start or expand business, men vs women. Italy (11.11% gender wage gap) Italy has a gender pay gap of 11.11%, the tenth best among OECD Countries. Answers to these questions are found in the work of Atkinson, Casarico and Voitchovsky (2018). Discrimination in hiring practices can exist in the absence of pay gaps for example, if women know they will be treated unfairly and hence choose not to participate in the labor market. Around the time the US entered World War II, it is estimated that 87% of all school boards would not hire a married woman and 70% would not retain an unmarried woman who married.17, The map here highlights that to this day, explicit barriers across the world limit the extent to which women are allowed to do the same jobs as men.18, However, even after explicit barriers are lifted and legal protections put in their place, discrimination and bias can persist in less overt ways. Gender gaps in lifelong learning and skills prioritization: Women continue to be overrepresented in Education and Health and Welfare degree subjects compared to men, and underrepresented in STEM fields. As we can see there is a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and the gender pay gap. As we can see, all over the world firms tend to be managed by men. This allows us to tease out the extent to which different factors contribute to observed inequalities. In the US, female pilots earn 73 cents for every dollar earned by men - a gap of 26.6% - which is five times larger than the US adjusted gender pay gap of 4.9%. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. However, the chart shows that the relationship is not really linear. The map shows scores, country by country. unobservable worker characteristics that cannot be controlled for in a regression), while the explained factors may themselves be vehicles of discrimination. By this measure the gender wage gap can be positive or negative. Economic Participation and Opportunity had one period of increasing parity between 2006 and 2013, and one long period of negative evolution after 2013 until 2017. In some cases the reduction is remarkable. The region registers its highest gender gap score in 16 years. Here we see that the gap is large in most OECD countries, but it has been going down in the last couple of decades. However, the trend was exacerbated in 2020, when gender parity scores decreased precipitously over two consecutive editions. Latinas, Black women and Native American women all experience wider pay gaps than the average for all women. In this case male and female pseudo-job-seekers were given similar CVs to apply for jobs waiting on tables at the same set of restaurants in Philadelphia. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. Can Women Have Children and a Career? 3 In 2022, Black women earned 70% as much as White men and Hispanic women earned only 65% as much. averages for women in households within the top and bottom quintiles of the corresponding national income distribution). This blog post benefitted greatly from research contributions provided by Sandra Tzvetkova. The Gender Inequality Index from the Human Development Report only has data from 1995. You have permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. What is the the picture on economic inequality in the aggregate? Available online here. This topic page can be cited as: All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. This is evident from the fact that the blue bars are closer to 100% in 2010 than in 1980. This is the definition used by the ILO. gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. The gender wage gap is often measured as the difference between average earnings of men and average earnings of women expressed as a percentage of average earnings of men. The Educational Attainment subindex also improved steadily towards parity, with step-changes in 2008 and 2015. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). A recent study, also from Denmark, tracked men and women over the period 1980-2013, and found that after the first child, womens earnings sharply dropped and never fully recovered. Closely related to job flexibility and occupational choice, is the issue of work interruptions due to motherhood. With an average population-weighted score of 63.4%, Middle East and North Africa has the second-largest gender gap yet to close, after South Asia. In particular, over the last couple of decades most high-income countries have seen sizeable reductions in the gender pay gap. In other words: Most of the convergence in earnings occurred during the 1980s, a decade in which the unexplained gap shrunk substantially. Women are often underrepresented in senior positions within firms.

10. This adds to a growing global health burden of mental and emotional disorders, which is disproportionately affecting women's health and well-being. Economic inequalities between men and women manifest themselves, not only in terms of wages earned, but also in terms of assets owned. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). The gender pay gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend to be countries with low labor force participation of women. Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap in different countries. When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male workers to all female workers irrespective of differences along these additional dimensions the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap. Similarly, it is possible to observe large pay gaps in the absences of discrimination in hiring practices for example, if women get fair treatment but apply for lower-paid jobs. Goldin and Rouse (2000), for example, look at the adoption of blind auditions by orchestras, and show that by using a screen to conceal the identity of a candidate, impartial hiring practices increased the number of women in orchestras by 25% between 1970 and 1996.19, Many other studies have found similar evidence of bias in different labor market contexts. The United States Census Bureau defines the pay gap as the ratio between median wages that is, they measure the gap by calculating the wages of men and women at the middle of the earnings distribution, and dividing them. Gender-equal inheritance systems, which were rare until recently, are now common across the world. Across EU Member States, the gender pay gap varied by 20.7 percentage points, ranging from -0.2 % in Luxembourg to 20.5 % in Estonia (Figure 1). Copy the URL to open this chart with all your selections. Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. Here we try to answer these questions, providing an empirical overview of the gender pay gap across countries and over time. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. The United States Census Bureau defines the pay gap as the ratio between median wages that is, they measure the gap by calculating the wages of men and women at the middle of the earnings distribution, and dividing them. Gender gaps in wealth accumulation: Skewed labour-market outcomes have an outsized impact on female wealth accumulation when calculated over a working lifetime.

In the UK, for example, the gap went down from almost 50% in 1970 to about 17% in 2016. Women are more likely than men to be employed in professional and related occupations, according to a 2019 BLS report . One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. the gap here excludes disparities that arise from differences in hourly wages for part-time and full-time workers). Hence, it is also common to measure gender gaps by comparing earnings for the individuals at the median or middle of the earnings distribution. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Gender gaps in the workforce: an emerging crisis. Before we get into the details, here is a preview of the main points. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111(3), 915-941. The fact that women in rich countries are overrepresented in the bottom of the income distribution goes together with the fact that working women in these countries are overrepresented in low-paying occupations. How does it change over time? Flickr/David Stanley. This shows that, although family-friendly policies contribute to improve female labor force participation and reduce the gender pay gap, they are only part of the solution. However, evidence from different contexts suggests. (This map from the World Development Report (2012) provides a more fine-grained overview of different property regimes operating in different countries.). The estimates shown here correspond to differences between average hourly earnings of men and women (expressed as a percentage of average hourly earnings of men), and cover all workers irrespective of whether they work full time or part time.1.

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