If you are a technical writer researching and writing a report within a specific professional field, you will also need to be aware of that fields codes of ethics. (Full disclosure: this online textbook incorporates material shared under a Creative Commons license. The legal consequences are most notable when one considers writing in the professional world. Multiple brokers would demonstrate thorough and unbiased research not tell a stranger that he was toilet. Specific aspects of this dilemma that make you uncomfortable in such an is. Content can be especially challenging open web sources just as valid as academic sources for certain?! The intention may be to contact a supervisor when in doubt someones life should outweigh... Companys products of these ethics violations could easily happen accidentally life should always outweigh prospect... 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Using a variety of sources helps the writer avoid potential bias that can occur from relying on only a few experts. Unethical source use also includes falsifying the nature of the source, such as omitting the page numbers in the Works Cited entry to make a brief note seem to be a full article. For example, you might not tell a stranger that he was trailing toilet paper but you would tell a friend. If the bar graph above were to represent sales figures for a company, the representation on the left would look like good news: dramatically increased sales over a five-year period. What does this treatment of space add to the work? What this allows you to do is base a solution around many different sides instead of just your own. This can be done by lying, misrepresenting facts, or just twisting numbers to favor your opinion and objectives. For example, your small company continues to have problems with employee morale. http://www.stc.org/about-stc/ethical-principles). If you are a technical writer and you join a professional associations such as the Society of Technical Communicators you will need to be aware their codes of ethics, published online (e.g., http://www.stc.org/about-stc/ethical-principles). Just because a graphic is open source, does not mean that you can pass it off as your own work, and if you dont cite it, that is exactly what you are doing, whether or not that was your intention. Learn more. For example, your small company continues to have problems with employee morale. Moreover, when your writing is authentically yours, your audience will catch your enthusiasm, and you will feel more confident in the material you produce. You should ask yourself the following questions: Be cautious about using sources that are not reviewed by peers or editor, or in which the information cannot be verified, or seems misleading, biased, or even false. Simply asking questions can be an effective way of bringing attention to your companys problems. 9.3 Typical Ethics Issues in Technical Writing, ENG 1210 Technical Writing Table of Contents. You struggle with whether to leave this information out of your report, thereby encouraging your employer to pursue an action that is really not feasible. This lie, though minor, preserves your friends feelings and does no harm to her or anyone else. Research shows bringing in an outside expert, someone who is unfamiliar with the company Therefore, the company or organization is responsible for giving adequate instructions and warning users about the risks associated with the product. Ethical writing is writing with a level of inclusion, respect, and acknowledgement of diversity. What was the topic of the memo and why do the authors call it out as unethical? What is the nature of the ethical dilemma? examples of unethical technical writing. Some content can be remixed, revised, reworked, or built-upon. You struggle with whether to leave this information out of your report, thereby encouraging your employer to pursue and action that is really not feasible. Does your professional associations code of conduct address this issue? How much should a writer adapt to an audience without sacrificing their own views? Legality. In fact, if you can easily find 94 high-quality sources that confirm you are correct, you might want to consider whether your idea is worth developing. . Unethical source use includes suppressing information about how you have used a source, such as not making clear that graphical information in your report was already a graph in your source, as opposed to a graph you created on the basis of information in the source. Since people usually have different ethical values, your own stance may not coincide with everyone elses. When you use concepts, ideas, or findings that have been established by others, you only need to briefly summarize your source and provide accurate references. See the Attributions at the end of each chapter.). If you take the ethical route, and sales plummet, few people will recognize the ethical issue, but most will clearly understand that you caused the sales decline. 1.2 Cultural Diversity and Technical Communication, 2.4 Adapt Your Writing to Meet Your Audiences Needs, 4.7 Ethics, Plagiarism, and Reliable Sources, 5.9 Cross-Cultural Audience Considerations, 5.10 Additional Document Design Resources, 7.6 Sample Student Job Packet (see proper student attribution), 8.9 Activity Sample Technical Instructions Analysis, 9.8 Proposal Example (Internal, Solicited, Unknown Solution), 10.5 Creating Interview and Survey Questions, 11.6 Revision Checklist for Analytical Reports, 11.9 Sub-genre: Internship and Co-op Reports, Driving Motor with an Ultrasonic Sensor: An Arduino Project, How to Create a PID DC Motor Position Controller, Technical and Professional Writing Genres, http://www.stc.org/about-stc/ethical-principles, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias, https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-types-examples/, The United States Patent and Trademark Office, https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html, from the intended or unintended but reasonably foreseeable use of its products., https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.productliabilityprevention.com/images/6-LegallyAdequateWarningLabelsAConundrumforEveryManufacturer.pdf&sa=D&ust=1553803200010000, https://corporate.findlaw.com/litigation-disputes/international-product-liability-laws.html, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. If the bar graph above were to represent sales figures for a company, the representation on the left would look like good news: dramatically increased sales over a five-year period. The unethical aspect Technological white paper. Throughout your career, you will be required to create many documents. What are you unwilling to do? Are open web sources just as valid as academic sources for certain topics? In a more serious situation, a person might not choose to die to save a strangers life, but she might risk dying to save her childrens lives. Now I just need some evidence to prove I am right!. Be a wise information consumer in your own reading and research in order to build your reputation as an honest, ethical writer. A classic example of unethical technical writing is the memo report NASA engineers wrote about the problem with O ring seals on the space shuttle Challenger (see The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster: A Study in Organizational Ethics). It also means that you act to prevent actual harm, with set criteria for what kinds and degrees of harm are more serious than others (for example, someones life outweighs financial damage to your company; your companys success outweighs your own irritation). Cite this lesson. There are a few issues that may come up when researching a topic for the business or technical world that a writer must consider. In this situation, what would you do, and why? Technical Writing, by Allison Gross, Annamarie Hamlin, Billy Merck, Chris Rubio, Jodi Naas, Megan Savage and Michele DiSilva, licensed CC-BY-NC-SA. https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/textbook/, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/technicalwriting/. This chapter was derived from Technical Writing by Allison Gross, Annemarie Hamlin, Billie Merck, Chris Rubio, Jodi Naas, Megan Savage, and Michele De Silva, licensed under Creative Commons: NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. However, that would cost the company more money, and may affect profit margins, result in slower growth, and provide fewer jobs for the locals. Ethical behavior, including ethical technical communication, involves not just telling the truth and providing accurate information, but telling the truth and providing information so that a reasonable audience is made aware of the behavior. What are you willing to do? None of these things can be used without proper recognition of or approval from the appropriate company or individual involved. This chapter will introduce some of the ethical issues that may arise as technical writers research, write, revise, and produce a technical document. The danger is or should be known by the manufacturer, The danger is present when the product is used in the usual and expected manner, The danger is not obvious or well known to the user, Failure to warn users about how to properly use a product, Failure to warn against risks from proper use of a product, Failure to warn against any reasonably foreseeable misuses of a product. Most stereotyping takes place subconsciously now since workplaces are careful to not openly discriminate. What kinds of support material and sources are ethical to use? 1). You would not want someone else taking credit for your ideas. Does your companys code of conduct address this issue? How the packaging is done and what is on the accompanying fliers or material can be part of this. Presenting data in graphical form can be especially challenging. Web9. If you base your concerns on evidence, your company will assume you looked into the situation and will take your thoughts more seriously.

If you were writing a report on the real estate market in the Hudson Valley region of New York, you would not collect data from only one brokers office. You discover, however, that to bring in such an expert is cost prohibitive. 1 Misleading and regular pie charts. The rewards of acting ethically are often simply internal. Is the risk of future health problems more serious than the certainty of immediately destroying your town? Thus, a simple change in perspective can change the impact of an image. Subject lines should be clear, brief, and specific. WebAll of the following are examples of unethical technical writing except Manipulating or misrepresenting data Producing documents and materials within the agreed upon The bar graph on the right, on the other hand, shows the complete picture by presenting numbers from zero to1200 on the vertical axis, and we see that the sales figures have in fact been relatively stable for the past five years. The following area few examples of when technically written documents are used: Technical reports. Product recalls can be another legal problem for companies. For example, saving someones life should always outweigh the prospect of financial damage to your company. To promote their cloud-based workspace product and explain how it works, Citrix Systems shares a handful of different business use cases using clear, persuasive language. Graphics, as well as text, should be properly cited in the document text and on the Works Cited page. Some considerations made by the court when determining if a copyright law has been violated include: When dealing with copyright questions, consider the following tips. Up to this point, you have probably been thinking about technical writing in relation to communicating technical information clearly in an Therefore, warnings should stand out from the rest of the documents, possibly with icons, colored fonts, or bolding. Collecting information from multiple brokers would demonstrate thorough and unbiased research. You might notice that most of these ethics violations could easily happen accidentally. Ethical behavior, including ethical technical communication, involves not just telling the truth and providing accurate information, but telling the truth and providing information so that a reasonable audience can understand it. Any assignment turned in that uses material from an outside source, including graphics and images, needs to include in-text citations as well as a list of references. For example, For example, your small company continues to have problems with employee morale. Either you are saying it is a source when in fact you did not really use anything from it, or you have simply failed to clarify in the text what are your ideas and what comes from other sources. You struggle with whether to leave this information out of your report, thereby encouraging your employer to pursue an action that is not the most productive. While this office might have access to broader data on the real estate market, as a writer you run the risk of looking biased if you only chose materials from this one source. The visual below shows two perspectives of information in a pie chart. It may be easier to mind our own businesses and keep quiet, but really the only right thing to do is to stand up, and speak up, for what is right. You might notice that most of these ethics violations could easily happen accidentally. .) accurately reflects the status of the principle; then you would go on to apply that principle to your specific task or proposal. Students often argue that they cannot separate their ideas from borrowed ideas because they would then have to document the whole paperif that is true, the paper is most certainly not making fair use of the sources. Are the methods and arguments used based on solid reasoning and sound evidence? Was it a phrase, sentence, chapter, or an entire piece of work? US law stipulates that a manual must list any hazards that may occur from the intended or unintended but reasonably foreseeable use of its products. (https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.productliabilityprevention.com/images/6-LegallyAdequateWarningLabelsAConundrumforEveryManufacturer.pdf&sa=D&ust=1553803200010000) You have a legal duty to warn consumers when: Failure to adequately warn consumers opens your company up to lawsuits. The data in each is identical but the pie chart on the left presents information in a misleading way (see Figure 1). This, in turn, affects the companys public profit, and essentially its standing. Overall, there are a few basic points to adhere to whenever you are writing a professional document: a) do not mislead, b) do not manipulate, and c) do not stereotype. The memo was about airport security and was unethical because opinion was presented as fact. ). Ask questions about who their decisions are affecting and why they are making those decisions. WebA classic example of unethical technical writing is the memo report NASA engineers wrote about the problem with O-ring seals on the space shuttle Challenger. The unethical feature was that the crucial information about the O-rings was buried in a middle paragraph, while information approving the launch was in prominent beginning and ending spots. Make sure all stakeholders are considered and cared for when writing a persuasive document. WebThe Nature of Technical Writing. A writer has to be aware and What do you notice about their presentation? Should she reveal this in her report or perhaps take a different course of action? In business, image is everything. Likewise, you can customize a Google image search so that only images that are open source will come up. That means a technical writer must consciously identify individual biases and check to see if a bias has influenced any presentationwhether in charts and graphs, or in discussions of the evidence, or in source use (or, of course, in putting the crucial O ring information where the launch decision makers would realize it was important). For example, you might not tell a stranger that they were trailing toilet paper but you would tell a friend. Look for the codes of ethics in your own discipline and begin to read and understand what will be expected of you as a professional in your field. Since you are employed by this parents group, should you leave out the medical evidence, or do you have a responsibility to include all research, even some that might sabotage the groups goal? When writers present information visually, however, they have to be careful not to misrepresent or misreport the complete picture. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. WebQuestion: In the textbook chapter: Ethics in Technical Writing, authors Hamlin, Rubio, and DeSilva discuss a memo they refer to as "a classic example of unethical writing." Make sure as you start your research that you always question the credibility of the information you find. For example, saying that one test Our experts can deliver a Technical Writing Ethics essay. A proposal is a persuasive technical writing document; it must convince the reader that the proposal idea This is a slippery slope. WebThe journals include: Technical Communication Quarterly, Journal of Technical Writing and Communication; Journal of Business and Technical Communication; English for Specific Purposes; and Issues in Writing. How a writer presents information in a document can affect a readers understanding of the relative weight or seriousness of that information. What do you notice, however, about how that information is conveyed to the reader? That way, you will be better prepared to do the right thing when you are confronted with an ethical dilemma. Similarly, take a look at the bar graphs in figure 2 below. If you were writing a report on the real estate market in Central Oregon, you would not collect data from only one brokers office even if this office might have access to broader data on the real estate market because utilizing only one source may create the assumption that you are biased. Technical writing is only useful if it can be understood, and a large part of how we write is regulated with that in mind. This includes scholarly and professional research, not just from a single database or journal, for instance, but from a variety. Should they reveal this in their report or should they take other courses of action? The candidate represented by the green slice labeled Item C, might think that she had received more donations than the candidate represented in the blue Item A slice. Unethical source use includes suppressing information about how you have used a source, such as not making clear that graphical information in your report was already a graph in your source, as opposed to a graph you created based on information in the source material. This includes scholarly and professional research, not just from a single database or journal, for instance, but from a variety. For example, Proposal attached or Your question of 10/25.. Public opinion of a company affects a consumers views on that companys products. The companies have other potential options as well that may encourage and promote ethical To write ethically, you must also identify another group of people: the individuals who will gain or lose because of your message. Ethics is one of the most important topics in technical communication. Presenting data in graphical form can be especially challenging. Can email communications be used without permission? If you blend source material together with your ideas (by including as your ideas your analysis or application of borrowed materials), you will indeed find that showing exactly what is borrowed versus what is yours is impossible. Lawsuits also have ramifications for a companys reputation. What do you notice, however, about how that information is conveyed to the reader? Creative Commons is an organization that has developed guidelines to allow people to share their knowledge and creativity. They provide free, easy-to-use copyright licenses to make a simple and standardized way to give the public permission to share and use creative work (What we Do https://creativecommons.org/about/). Ethics principles provide the basis for deciding whether x is ethical, but in reality, ethical issues are complicatedfor example, imagine working for a large company that employs substantial numbers of people in your town, where relatively few other employment opportunities exist. Some might consider the context before determining how to act. 086 079 7114 [email protected]. In this case, your commitment to loyalty might outweigh your sense of self-preservation. Look for the codes of ethics in your own discipline and begin to read and understand what will be expected of you as a professional in your field. (Incidentally, the O rings had worked fine for several launches.). Thus, a simple change in perspective can change the impact of an image. Credibility can be established through many means: using appropriate professional language, citing highly respected sources, providing reliable evidence, and using sound logic. The candidate represented by the green slice labeled Item C, might think that she had received more donations than the candidate represented in the blue Item A slice. That means technical writers must consciously identify their biases and check to see if a bias has influenced any presentation: whether in charts and graphs, or in discussions of the evidence, or in source use (or, of course, in putting the crucial O ring information where the launch decision makers would realize it was important). Only the copyright holder, the person/organization who owns the protected item, can copy it. To avoid safety recalls, companies need to make sure they consider every possible danger involved with a product. WebUnethical behavior should absolutely be avoided in technical writing. Technical Report: Communication process and product from a technical perspective: 6. Are they peer reviewed by experts in the field? Any written document in your own company is copyrighted by law once produced. Using a large section of your report to prove an already established principle implies that you are saying something new about the principlewhich is not true. Adapted from 9.3 Typical Ethics Issues in Technical Writing. Needs Assessment Report: Assess the need for a service or product: 9. That means if you are borrowing a good idea from a friend at another company, you must cite them as a source. Take a look at the different unethical behaviors one may see businesses commit. Adapted from 9.1 General Principles by Allison Gross, Annemarie Hamlin, Billy Merck, Chris Rubio, Jodi Naas, Megan Savage, and Michele DeSilva is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. For example, scholarly research is theoretically intended to find evidence either that the new researchers ideas are valid (and important) or evidence that those ideas are partial, trivial, or simply wrong. WebMore information regarding specific Creative Commons licenses can be accessed on the Creative Commons website. On the other hand, if you can easily find 94 high-quality sources that confirm you are correct, you might want to consider whether your idea is worth developing. That is another reason why it is important to give some serious thought to your own value system and how it may fit into the value systems of the exemplars your admire and respect. In the former case, if you valued physical courage above all else, you might be willing to step into a fight to protect a victim. Why should you treat others any differently? You need to be extra vigilant to avoid misleading your readers with graphics. Authors of technical documents typically do not have the time or space to belabor well-known points or common-sense data because readers do not need to read page upon page of something they already know or something that can be proved in a sentence of two. The intention may be good, but breaching ethics results in a slippery slope one that often leads to further and larger ethical breaches. Liability Law helps companies and organizations act responsibly.
WebAn example of a guidance policy may be to contact a supervisor when in doubt. What are the specific aspects of this dilemma that make you uncomfortable? Is quarterly growth and expanding jobs more serious than the risk of future health problems and a degraded environment? Just as you have a responsibility in business to be honest in selling your product of service and avoid cheating your customers, so you have a responsibility in business writing to be honest in presenting your ideas, and the ideas of others, and to avoid cheating your readers with plagiarized material. The position of information in this document did not help them understand that the problem could be fatal. The way a writer presents information in a document can affect a readers understanding of the relative weight or seriousness of that information. Instead, you might stay back and call the police. Credibility can be established through many means: using appropriate professional language, citing highly respected sources, providing reliable evidence, and using sound logic. Only the copyright holders should profit from material they own. Liability and contractlaws can vary by country. What do you notice about their presentation?

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