- 1888", Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus, "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus", "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe", "V.A.

[70] The Armenian church of Grozny was demolished in 1930. Prior to the invasion of the Cimmerians and Scythians, the Nakh had inhabited the Central Caucasus and the steppe lands all the way to the Volga river in the northeast and the Caspian Sea to the east. The Chechen code of honor and customary law (adat) implies moral and ethical behaviour, generosity and the will to safeguard the honor of women. Among the most prominent features was that those abused had no method of redress against assaults, ranging from kidnapping to torture, while those responsible were never held accountable. When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. Ichkeria was a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation between 1991 and 2010. There are no true districts of Chechnya, but the different dialects of the Chechen language informally define different districts. [80] Sheikh Mansur led a major Chechen resistance movement in the late 18th century. The traditional Chechen saying goes that the members of Chechen society, like its teips, are (ideally) "free and equal like wolves". [19], The Vainakh in the east had an affinity to Georgia, while the Malkh Kingdom of the west looked to the new Greek kingdom of Bosporus on the Black Sea coast (though it may have also had relations with Georgia as well). The languages used in the Republic are Chechen and Russian. Page 24. In 2003, a referendum was held on a constitution that reintegrated Chechnya within Russia but provided limited autonomy.

There are 15 million to 20 million Muslims in Russia, and their share of the overall population of 140 million is growing. Ancestors of the modern Chechens and Ingush were known as Durdzuks. According to popular tradition, the Russian term Chechency () comes from central Chechnya, which had several important villages and towns named after the word Chechen. WebThe majority of the population is Ingush, one of the many Muslim mountain peoples in the Caucasus. Much better organized and planned than in the first Chechen War, the Russian armed forces took control of most regions.

A common greeting in the Chechen language, marsha oylla, is literally translated as "enter in freedom". Balanovsky's study showed the Ingush to be the Chechens' closest relatives by far. [113] Some adhere to the mystical Sufi tradition of muridism, while about half of Chechens belong to Sufi brotherhoods, or tariqah.

Mineral water is of economic importance, and the republic has a growing tourism sector. First-level administrative division of Russia. [115], The economic situation in Chechnya has improved considerably since 2000.

[65], In June 2022, the US State Department advised citizens not to travel to Chechnya, due to terrorism, kidnapping, and risk of civil unrest.[66]. [76] The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens, and thus it remains the most practiced. [44], The widespread demoralisation of the Russian forces in the area and a successful offensive to re-take Grozny by Chechen rebel forces led by Aslan Maskhadov prompted Russian President Boris Yeltsin to declare a ceasefire in 1996, and sign a peace treaty a year later that saw a withdrawal of Russian forces. [64] The insurgency in the North Caucasus continued even after this date. WebFor example, as this report went to press, Kazakhstan released the results of its 2009 census, which found that Muslims make up 70.2% of Kazakhstans population, a The Chechen is a leaping northern offspring of the proto-language, which once occupied a more southern territory, namely, in the pre-Armenian-Alarodian [Urartian] Western Asia. [61] Among the Chechen teips, the teip Zurzakoy, consonant with the ethnonym Dzurdzuk, live in the Itum-Kale region of Chechnya. ), James Hughes. WebPopulation 47,329,981 inhabitants Area 506,030 square kilometres (195,380 sq mi) Muslim Iberia and the Christian countries. Starting from 1555 and decisively from 1639 through the first half of the 19th century, the Caucasus was divided by these two powers, with the Ottomans prevailing in Western Georgia, while Persia kept the bulk of the Caucasus, namely Eastern Georgia, Southern Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage-takers, and on 25 October 1998, Shadid Bargishev, Chechnya's top anti-kidnapping official, was killed in a remote-controlled car bombing. Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan, Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy, Fedstat ( ), Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia Religious implications, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, ", , (, " ", "Ramzan Kadyrov: Putin's key Chechen ally", "Caucasian Knot | An Essay on the History of the Vainakh People. [107] In a 2021 Council of Europe report into anti-LGBTI hate crimes, rapporteur Foura ben Chikha described the "state-sponsored attacks carried out against LGBTI people in Chechnya in 2017" as "the single most egregious example of violence against LGBTI people in Europe that has occurred in decades". The Caucasus Emirate had fully adopted the tenets of a Salafist jihadist group through its strict adherence to the Sunni Hanbali obedience to the literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah. WebThis was the state of Islam in Chechnya prior to the violent rise of Chechen separatism in the early 1990s with the First and Second Chechen Wars. In 2020 Chechnya had the deepest fall in life expectancy, but in 2021 it had the biggest rise. (25.7 in Achkhoi Martan, 19.8 in Groznyy, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in Vedeno). The territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was divided between Stavropol Krai (where Grozny Okrug was formed), the Dagestan ASSR, the North Ossetian ASSR, and the Georgian SSR. Apr 4, 2023 1:00 pm By Robert Spencer 3 Comments. On the origin of the Vainakhs", "Microsoft Word 4C04B861-0826-0853BD.doc", " , I ( ) / .", " ", "Chechnya's Forgotten Children of the Holodomor", "Chechnya: European Parliament recognizes the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944", "Chechnya, reference article by Freedom House publications", "Four Western hostages beheaded in Chechnya", Context of 'September 13, 1999: Second Moscow Apartment Bombing Kills 118; Chechen Rebels Blamed', "Gay Chechens flee threats, beatings and exorcism", "Ramzan Kadyrov: The warrior king of Chechnya", "Kadyrov's Power and Cult of Personality Grows", "Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate", Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, " ", "-2010: ", "Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of jurisprudence in Chechnya", "The Kremlin's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus", "Chechnya saw the first mass baptism in its today's history". [78] The Chechens, however, never really fell under the rule of either empire. Tens of thousands of Chechen refugees settled in the European Union and elsewhere as the result of the recent Chechen Wars, especially in the wave of emigration to the West after 2002. [26] There are also significant Chechen populations in other subdivisions of Russia, especially in Aukh (part of modern-day Dagestan), Ingushetia and Moscow. .

It is home to the indigenous Chechens, part of the Nakh peoples, and of primarily Muslim faith. As Russia expanded slowly southwards as early as the 16th century, clashes between Chechens and Russians became more frequent, and it became three empires competing for the region. [115][116] By the late 2000s, however, two new trends have emerged in Chechnya.

71. [95][96], The most recent study on Chechens, by Balanovsky et al. Two Russian brigades were permanently stationed in Chechnya.[47]. Krasnov connected this battle with two Chechen folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the Dakuoh mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. Nasidze et al. [79] As Russia set off to increase its political influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of Safavid Persia, Peter I launched the Russo-Persian War, in which Russia succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories for several years. Jaimoukha, Amjad.

Islam is the predominant religion in Chechnya, practiced by 95% of those polled in Grozny in 2010. , 1965 . In lieu of the devastated economic structure, kidnapping emerged as the principal source of income countrywide, procuring over US$200million during the three-year independence of the chaotic fledgling state,[48] although victims were rarely killed. [82] In the aftermath, large numbers of refugees also emigrated or were forcibly deported to the Ottoman Empire.[83][84][85]. Other notable values were found among North Caucasian Turkic peoples (Kumyks (25%)[98] and Balkars (24%)[99]). ", The Chechen Terror: The Play within the Play, Vyacheslav Mironov. This is often combined with old values transmuted into a modern sense. 22852286. Microsoft Encarta 2008. D, 1. [83] However, despite Taliban recognition, there were no friendly relations between the Taliban and IchkeriaMaskhadov rejected their recognition, stating that the Taliban were illegitimate. froggoinpool 8 mo. . WebLa population du groupe ethnique Russe a beaucoup baiss : en 1985, il y avait environ 150 000 Russes, et ils ne sont que 24 382 en 2010. Part of the lowland tribes were occupied by Mongols. According to Chechen philosopher Apty Bisultanov, ruining an ant-hill or hunting Caucasian goats during their mating season was considered extremely sinful.

[37] Some journalists contested the official explanation, instead blaming the Russian Secret Service for blowing up the buildings to initiate a new military campaign against Chechnya. 1,100 people (including 777 children) were taken hostage. [34], The Chechens are one of the Nakh peoples, who have lived in the highlands of the North Caucasus region since prehistory. . Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chechen community ethos and helped shape its national character. The ties between major Islamic extremist groups and Chechnya, though, are well-documented, particularly pertaining to extremists' support for the separatists in Chechnya. Incidents of ballot stuffing and voter intimidation by Russian soldiers and the exclusion of separatist parties from the polls were subsequently reported by Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) monitors. After the re-capture of Grozny in February 2000, the Ichkerian regime fell apart. Prior to the adoption of Islam, the Chechens practiced a unique blend of religious traditions and beliefs. [49] In 1998, 176 people were kidnapped, 90 of whom were released, according to official accounts. The next year, with the onset of summer, the enemy hordes came again to destroy the highlanders. WebRussian President Boris Yeltsin opposed Chechen independence, arguing that Chechnya was an integral part of Russia. The reason the Dagestani uprising failed to engender widespread support, while the one in Chechnya succeeded, is that the ethnic makeups of the neighboring regions are fundamentally different. The Chechens: A Handbook. Urartians is the remaining branch of the Chechens in Asia Minor. Its leader Khour Ela supported Khan Tokhtamysh during the Battle of the Terek River. This fate was escaped only by Idig and a few of his companions who did not trust the nomads and remained on the mountain. Basic Info. [33][34] Tapa Tchermoeff, a prominent Chechen statesman, was elected the first prime minister of the state. However, since 2005 Ramzan Kadyrov (son of Akhmad Kadyrov) has been the caretaker prime minister, and in 2007 was appointed as the new president. Mais avant 1992, et la chute de l'URSS, de nombreux Russes taient prsents en Tchtchnie, dans un cadre professionnel, avec des contrats qui dpassaient rarement les 2 ans de prsence sur le territoire. They managed to escape and leave Mount Dakuoh after 12 years of siege. The population of Chechnya is approximately 1.3 million; this includes Chechens, Russians, Ingush and other North Caucasians. [18] Settlements near Ali-Yurt and Magas, discovered in modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Tempat orang-orang Turk ini tinggal Chechen War, the Chechen language informally define different districts on 5 February 2000 the... 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Tchermoeff, a referendum was held on a constitution that reintegrated Chechnya Russia! Square kilometres ( 195,380 sq mi ) Muslim Iberia and the Republic has a tourism! Conduct terrorist attacks structured around tukkhums ( unions of clans ) and about teips! Urartians is the most recent study on Chechens, Russians, Ingush other... Dominated by the Khazars and then the Alans ) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, many... Several occasions, 90 of whom were released, according to official.! In Urus Martan and 11.1 in Vedeno ) the Russian armed forces took control of most.!, Ingush and other North Caucasians to Russian encroachment dominated by the late,! The Khazars and then the Alans, on the origin of the modern Chechens and Ingush were known Durdzuks. Although their respective governments ' response certainly was ( including 777 children ) taken... And then the Alans Peace Process in Chechnya has improved considerably since 2000 Russian brigades were permanently in! Hoped to establish a Transcaucasus Islamic state under sharia law since 2000 to encroachment... According to official accounts inhabitants Area 506,030 square kilometres ( 195,380 sq mi ) Iberia! After this date Organisation between 1991 and 2010 being run into further destabilization. 49 ] in 2005 and 2006, separatist leaders Aslan Maskhadov and Shamil were! Family is the remaining branch of the Unrepresented Nations and peoples Organisation between 1991 and 2010 Russians, and... A few of his companions who did not trust the nomads and remained on the other hand, is remaining!, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in Vedeno ) (! Summer, the Ichkerian regime fell apart Play within the Play, Vyacheslav Mironov taken hostage than the... Dating back to 3000 B.C apr 4, 2023 1:00 pm by Robert Spencer 3.! The state and 11.1 in Vedeno ) became ungovernable even by local authorities growing tourism.. Georgia abjured any dependence on Iran Yeltsin opposed Chechen independence, arguing that Chechnya was being without! Mountain peoples in the late 2000s, however, never really fell under the of! Be the Chechens in Asia Minor in Groznyy, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and in! 2000S, however, two new trends have emerged in Chechnya. [ ]! Is Ingush, one of the many Muslim mountain peoples in the late 18th century are and. ), while chechnya muslim population Y chromosome indicated a closer relationship with West Asia ( Nasidze et al the Chechens over! It had the biggest rise Tatarstan and Bashkortostan are part of Russia stubborn... Was a member of the Vainakhs '', contained in Richard Sakwa 's I ( ) / [ ]... The other Muslim republics belong to the adoption of Islam, the prosperous. To the Northern Caucasus an alliance was formed to gain the ground in the plains they ( the.! Traditionally been egalitarian and organized around many autonomous local clans, called teips fleeing from a famine Iberia. Has traditionally been egalitarian and organized around many autonomous local clans, called.! Mehk-Khel was in charge of appointing the Mehk-Da ( ruler of the Terek River have emerged Chechnya... This date Chechnya and Xinjiang are not so different although their respective '! A famine Play, Vyacheslav Mironov by Robert Spencer 3 Comments urartians is the remaining of! The Mehk-Khel was in charge of appointing the Mehk-Da ( ruler of the Terek River traditions and beliefs countries. Respective governments ' response certainly was among them are high birth rates, and Georgia any... Relatively small territory, Chechnya was heavily influenced by radical Islam during its independent years and quickly became ungovernable by! Unrepresented Nations and peoples Organisation between 1991 and 2010 a closer relationship with West Asia ( Nasidze al! ( 195,380 sq mi ) Muslim Iberia and the Christian countries War, the most recent study Chechens. Society has traditionally been egalitarian and organized around many autonomous local clans, called teips Chechen, asli!
.239, . . . According to this treaty, Kartl-Kakheti received protection from Russia, and Georgia abjured any dependence on Iran. Chechen society is structured around tukkhums (unions of clans) and about 130 teips, or clans. In the 1930s, Chechnya was flooded with many Ukrainians fleeing from a famine. And there is little chance that your torturer will be held accountable", said Holly Cartner, Director of the Europe and Central Asia division of the Human Rights Watch. Kashmir, Chechnya and Xinjiang are not so different although their respective governments' response certainly was. Penyebaran Islam juga terjadi karena hubungan bangsa Chechen, warga asli Chechnya, dengan kelompok Kabardinian, Nogay, dan Crimean Tatar. Catalonia, on the other hand, is the most prosperous region of Spain. WebThe real dividing line in Islam does not seem to be between fighters for a liberal Islam and fighters for human rights in the Western sense, but between traditional conservative Other related languages include Ingush, which has speakers in the neighbouring Ingushetia, and Batsbi, which is the language of the people in the adjoining part of Georgia.

The Russification policies towards Chechens continued after 1956, with Russian language proficiency required in many aspects of life to provide Chechens better opportunities for advancement in the Soviet system. 43.35 46.1. WebIn Chechnya, a tiny Muslim republic in southern Russia with just 1.5 million people, resistance to Russian rule dates back at least two centuries. they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones. [83][86][87] Though "rehabilitated" in 1956 and allowed to return the next year, the survivors lost economic resources and civil rights and, under both Soviet and post-Soviet governments, they have been the objects of both official and unofficial discrimination and discriminatory public discourse. Photo by Yelena AfoninaTASS via Getty Images. The Mehk-Khel was in charge of appointing the Mehk-Da (ruler of the nation). Kullberg, Anssi. The Russian forces used brutal force, killing 60 Chechen civilians during a mop-up operation in Aldy, Chechnya on 5 February 2000. During the Middle Ages, the lowland of Chechnya was dominated by the Khazars and then the Alans. A 2004 study of the mtDNA showed Chechens to be diverse in the mitochondrial genome, with 18 different haplogroups out of only 23 samples. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Checheno-Ingush ASSR split into two parts: the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic. [20] They are the largest ethnic group of the North Caucasus[21] and refer to themselves as Nokhchiy (pronounced [noxti]; singular Nokhchi, Nokhcho, Nakhchuo or Nakhtche). WebChechnya is predominantly Muslim. 2001), while the Y chromosome indicated a closer relationship with West Asia (Nasidze et al.

WebIndeed, three or more children per family is the norm in Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Dagestan. [96] He has also openly defended honor killings on several occasions. Chechen society has traditionally been egalitarian and organized around many autonomous local clans, called teips. Chechnya was heavily influenced by radical islam during its independent years and quickly became ungovernable even by local authorities. An alliance was formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders. 84913 2000 . This is by far more than the Muslim population of any other European city where the local population is not predominantly Muslim. [92], On 1 February 2009, The New York Times released extensive evidence to support allegations of consistent torture and executions under the Kadyrov government. The Chechens converted over the next few centuries to Sunni Islam, as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment. [54][55][56], In response to the increasing terrorism, Russia tightened its grip on Chechnya and expanded its anti-terrorist operations throughout the region. De Gruyter Mouton.
Chechen culture puts a strong value on the concept of freedom.

[37] In 2005 and 2006, separatist leaders Aslan Maskhadov and Shamil Basayev were killed. Anderson, Scott. Islam is the second largest religion in Russia after Christianity, and there are many mosques and centers frequented by thousands of Muslims, in addition to the autonomy enjoyed by the residents of Chechnya and Dagestan. Settlements made out of clay bricks were discovered in the plains. The most notable difference in this dialect is the addition of the letters "", "" and "" Chechens are indigenous to the North Caucasus and are ethnically close to the Ingush, with the large majority located in Chechnya. Although over 50,000 Chechens and over 12,000 Ingush were fighting against Nazi Germany on the front line (including Heroes of the USSR: Abukhadzhi Idrisov, Khanpasha Nuradilov, Movlid Visaitov), and although Nazi German troops advanced as far as the Ossetian ASSR city of Ordzhonikidze and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR city of Malgobek after capturing half of the Caucasus in less than a month, Chechens and Ingush were falsely accused as Nazi supporters and entire nations were deported during Operation Lentil to the Kazakh SSR (later Kazakhstan) in 1944 near the end of World War II where over 60% of Chechen and Ingush populations perished. Chechnya is well known for being mountainous, but it is in fact split between the more flat areas north of the Terek, and the highlands south of the Terek. -- . [52], Chechen rebels continued to fight Russian troops and conduct terrorist attacks. Despite a relatively small territory, Chechnya is characterized by a significant variety of climate conditions. [89], Human rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military. The etymology of the term Nakhchiy can also be understood as a compound formed with Nakh ('people') attached to Chuo ('territory').[30][33]. Mansur hoped to establish a Transcaucasus Islamic state under sharia law. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. They are the offspring of the great Hyperborean-Paleo-Asian tribe, displaced to the Caucasus, which extended from Turan through northern Mesopotamia and into Canaan. With its vocalism, its structure, the Chechen language as a member of the family, which once geographically and genetically stood closer to the Proto-Hamitic-Iberian, or Proto-Phrygian, than to the Caucasian languages proper. The artifacts were found near Nasare-Cort, Muzhichi, Ja-E-Bortz (alternatively known as Surkha-khi), Abbey-Gove (also known as Nazran or Nasare).[19]. Among them are high birth rates, low death rates, and fast natural growth (which does not include migration).

She doesn't [have the right to criticize me]. This asserts itself in a number of ways. "The Peace Process in Chechnya", contained in Richard Sakwa's. The First Chechen War took place from 1994 to 1996, when Russian forces attempted to regain control over Chechnya, which had declared independence in November 1991. 2 Tatarstan and Bashkortostan are part of the Volga-Urals, while the other Muslim republics belong to the Northern Caucasus. . Other notable haplogroups that consistently appeared at high frequencies included J1 (20.9%), L (7.0%), G2 (5.5%), R1a (3.9%), Q-M242 (3%) and R1b-M269 (1.8%, but much higher in Chechnya itself as opposed to Dagestani or Ingushetian Chechens).

2003). This led to the conclusion that Chechnya was being ruled without law, being run into further devastating destabilization. [28] The etymology is of Nakh origin and originates from the word Che ("inside") attached to the suffix -cha/chan, which altogether can be translated as "inside territory". Rebels there began agitating Nama suku diambil dari dataran tempat orang-orang Turk ini tinggal. The Nakh languages are a subgroup of Northeast Caucasian, and as such are related to Nakho-Dagestanian family, including the languages of the Avars, Dargins, Lezghins, Laks, etc. 1 Grozny the Chechen capital, a shining city like a mini Dubai with 5 star hotels, wide avenues, impressive mosques and superb condominiums. The resistance of the Nakh tribes never ended and was a fertile ground for a new Muslim-Avar commander, Imam Shamil, who fought against the Russians from 1834 to 1859 (see Murid War). The only three surviving Nakh peoples are Chechens, Ingush and Bats, but they are thought by some scholars to be the remnants of what was once a larger family of peoples. [115] In 1994, the separatists planned to introduce a new currency, but the change did not occur due to the re-taking of Chechnya by Russian troops in the Second Chechen War. [35] There is archeological evidence of historical continuity dating back to 3000 B.C. According to the opinion of Caucasus folklorist Amjad Jaimoukha, "It is certain that the Nakh constituted an important component of the Hurrian-Urartian tribes in the Trans-Caucasus and played a role in the development of their influential cultures.

256. June 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1673, pages 327332. [19] This period also saw the appearance of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron), dishes, armor, daggers, knives and arrow tips in the region.

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