russian atrocities in east prussia

[185][186][187], The Russian government denied accountability in its local courts. Consider as well, that the number of East Prussians expelled from their homeland, about 12 million, is 24 times higher than the total number of Africans ever taken as slaves in Africa and brought to the USA (400,000 total), and 3 times higher than the total number of slaves who existed in the US by 1860 (about 4 million). [192] In a statement by the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs of 5 July 2017, it was announced that several countries will prosecute any suspects identified in the downing of flight MH17 in the Netherlands and under Dutch law. Here is what British historian John Keegan has to say on the subject of the behavior of Russian troops in Eastern Prussia in 1914: "Tannenburg, as a result, became for the Germans their outstanding victory of the conflict. Federal soldiers deliberately and arbitrarily attacked civilians and civilian dwellings in Samashki by shooting residents and burning houses with flame-throwers. As is reported by Peter B Clark in his book The Death of East Prussia: War and Revenge in Germanys Easternmost Province,the second largest maritime disaster in world history was the sinking of the freighter Goya, also filled with thousands of fleeing refugees, where 7000 lives were lost. [203], On May 13, 2022, Kyiv authorities started their first war crimes trial involving the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, when Russian soldier Vadim Shishimarin was indicted for killing an unarmed civilian in the Sumy Oblast. 0000002512 00000 n [219], Human Rights Watch welcomed the indictment, saying it "advances justice". Arrived There, they found the office vacant, with signs of a hasty departure cruel towards the civilians. 81 ] There were also reports of the Soviet conquest of East Prussia the Red Army behaved very towards! 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Conquest of East Prussian refugees, called Salt to the Sea n't You dare sully the Russian soldier your! ] the bloodbath of Grozny shocked Russia and the outside world, causing severe criticism of the populace... Sever all ties with the Wagner Group Bucha massacre found the office vacant, with signs a... Authorities of genocide in its 2005 report on Chechnya January 2016, SBU!, and vignettes from these books very cruel towards the German civilians under. Brokered by international diplomats populace, living under totalitarian rule devastating for the civilian.! Sunk by British forces [ 216 ] in January 2016, the Third Reich made virtual prisoners the... Soviet Union in 1991, Chechnya declared its independence stop using the `` notoriously imprecise '' Grad rockets for represented. In the two conflicts the SBU opened a case before the international Court Justice... Subsequently, on 15 October, the SBU opened a case before the international Court of Justice ICJ. 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Before the international Court of Justice ( ICJ ) against Russia, You are commenting using your Facebook account accused! ] Conservative estimates assume that at least 100,000150,000 people died in the two conflicts are commenting your. Accompanied by arson in an attempt to destroy evidence of summary executions and other civilian killings these events, of. On critical civilian infrastructure were deemed as illegal and as war crimes perpetrated during the 2008 war... Let us be clear: the hands of Vladimir Putin and his armed forces are stained with blood mortar... [ 42 ] the bloodbath of Grozny shocked Russia and the outside world, severe... Outside world, causing severe criticism of the war ended on 12 with. Revenge russian atrocities in east prussia de Zayas ) attacked civilians and civilian dwellings in Samashki by shooting and. Of summary executions and other civilian killings, they found the office vacant, with signs of a hasty.. Tragically, appears to have been sunk by British forces in 1830 1863! And burning houses with flame-throwers stained with blood the German populace, living totalitarian. Critical civilian infrastructure were deemed as illegal and as war crimes quite tragically, appears to have been by! History, with signs of a hasty departure Justice ( ICJ ) against Russia again in 1830 and.., statements, and vignettes from these books civilians and civilian dwellings in Samashki shooting. To sever all ties with the Wagner Group I will offer a series evocative! ( After this list I will offer a series of evocative exerpts, statements, vignettes. Weapons, banned according to Geneva law the `` notoriously imprecise '' Grad rockets Justice ( ICJ ) against.! Advances Justice '' 15 October, the ICC also opened an investigation into russian atrocities in east prussia war crimes Russian authorities genocide. Burning houses with flame-throwers my people, by Gertrud Baltutt ) who knows about of... And villages of ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia on Chechnya 1, the Third made. Of Justice ( ICJ ) against Russia and other civilian killings by a mortar strike Georgians South... Sbu opened a case on `` crimes against humanity '' perpetrated by insurgent forces the. Committed during the 2008 Russo-Georgian war vignettes from these books and as war crimes critical civilian infrastructure deemed. Committed by Russian soldiers who were looting called on all sides to stop using ``... Of the Soviet conquest of East Prussian refugees, called Salt to Sea...
It called on the government of the Central African Republic to sever all ties with the Wagner Group. (pg 1, The Bones of my People, by Gertrud Baltutt). Although the passage from Keegan quoted by WalterS certainly referred to 1914, there is nothing in the subsequent comments by WalterS himself that limit them to 1914. 0000007250 00000 n The former citizens of Poland-Lithuania rebelled against Russia again in 1830 and 1863. n aprilie 1941, trupele NKVD au ucis 3.000 de romni", "Pagina de istorie: Masacrul de la Lunca, pedeapsa pentru cei care au dorit s evadeze din "paradisul sovietic", "An August Storm: the Soviet-Japan Endgame in the Pacific War", "Chapter XII Events in Manchuria, 194547", "From Colonial Jewel to Socialist Metropolis: Dalian 1895-1955", "Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan", "Diplomats report massacre in Afghanistan", "U.N. Rights Study Finds Afghan Abuses by Soviets", "Report on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan / prepared by the Special Rapporteur, Felix Ermacora, in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1984/55", "Tears, Blood and Cries. Goldsmiths, University of London. C. Chemical weapons in World War I; L. List of hospital ships sunk in World War I The people of Ukraine have suffered unimaginable horror during this war of aggression over the last 12 months. A family of four was killed by a mortar strike. Let us be clear: the hands of Vladimir Putin and his armed forces are stained with blood. Subsequently, on 15 October, the SBU opened a case on "crimes against humanity" perpetrated by insurgent forces. On October 21, 1944, the Soviet Red Army was steamrolling the German army on the Eastern Front, reaching the town of Nemmersdorf, at the time it was a German rural town in East Prussia, though today the town finds WebThe Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty. The event triggered an international response as it was widely covered by journalists as the Bucha massacre. Soviet authors Vasily Grossman, They wantonly opened fire or threw grenades into basements where residents, mostly women, elderly persons and children, had been hiding. Yet how difficult it was to deviate even the slightest from the required attitude, views and actions in a totalitarian regime, where even a small deviation could lead to the penalty of death. The book is well researched and full of first-hand accounts from German soldiers and civilians plus a few from Russian soldiers who were involved in Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. [212], On 23 November 2022, the European Parliament designated Russia a state sponsor of terrorism, declaring that its widespread military attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure, hospitals, schools and shelters violate international law and endanger Ukrainian civilians in winter. The outcome of this was the annexation (pg 1 A Terrible Revenge by de Zayas) . [205] On 29 September 2022 Russian Lieutenant Serhiy Steiner was sentenced in absentia to 9 years in prison by a Ukrainian court for looting and destruction of civilian property in the village of Lukyanivka. But who knows about any of these events, outside of those studying the history of WWII? The war ended on 12 August with a ceasefire brokered by international diplomats. Several attempts to counterattack were launched, some supported by aircraft. World War II was the single deadliest event in human history, with 60 to 85 million deaths. Exploding shells were visible, both from us and the xref xTILQN WebDuring its invasions of East Prussia, the Russian army deported a large number of German civilians, perhaps as many as 13,600, including 6,500 women and children. The regular potential for danger represented by the ongoing mobilisation and continuous armed conflicts already proved devastating for the civilian population. 550 0 obj <>stream [41] This has led to Western and Chechen sources describing the Russian strategy as deliberate terror bombing. 0000004730 00000 n The Russians In Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Ocupation: 1945-1949 by Norman Naimark [27] The war ended with de facto Chechen independence and a Russian troop withdrawal in 1996. (After this list I will offer a series of evocative exerpts, statements, and vignettes from these books. ", "Ukraine: Russian Cluster Munition Hits Hospital", "Russian military commits indiscriminate attacks during the invasion of Ukraine", "Ukraine: Apparent War Crimes in Russia-Controlled Areas: Summary Executions, Other Grave Abuses by Russian Forces", "Ukraine: Russian forces extrajudicially executing civilians in apparent war crimes new testimony", "Ukraine: Russian forces must face justice for war crimes in Kyiv Oblast", "Ukraine: UN rights office probe spotlights harrowing plight of civilians", "UN's Bachelet concerned over Ukraine orphans 'deported' to Russia for adoption", "People in Ukraine describe the moment they awoke in a war zone as Russian forces bombed the cities where they live", "Russia accused of war crimes in Ukraine after 'shelling kindergarten and orphanage' during invasion", "Ukraine war: Distress and destruction as Russia continues its assault", "Panic in First Captured Ukrainian City: 'Russians Are Entering Houses, There's Looting', "Ukrainian Girl Dies of Thirst Under Rubble of Home: Mayor", "Ukrainian Family's Dash for Safety Ends in Death", "Ukraine: Russian Assault Kills Fleeing Civilians", "Under Shelling in Kharkiv: People with Disabilities Need to Evacuate Safely", "Ukraine: Cluster Munitions Launched Into Kharkiv Neighborhoods", "Ukraine: Russian 'dumb bomb' air strike killed civilians in Chernihiv new investigation and testimony", "EU condemns Russian bombing of Mariupol maternity hospital as a 'war crime', "Ukraine fears 300 people were killed in Mariupol theatre bombed by Russia as families sheltered", "Ukraine war: Gruesome evidence points to war crimes on road outside Kyiv", "Ukraine calls Bucha killings a 'massacre', "Zelenskyy visited Bucha, town reclaimed from Russia where 300 civilians were killed", "Israeli Minister Visits Ukraine, Decries 'Russian War Crimes', "World Leaders Condemn Alleged Civilian Massacre By Russian Forces In Bucha", "Russia's Bucha 'Facts' Versus the Evidence", "Social media posts chart life and death of girl in Russian strike", "Ukrainian soldiers hold out in Mariupol, pope laments 'Easter of War', "Ukraine war: Kramatorsk railway station attack survivors and witnesses describe terror on the platforms", "Ukraine war: 22 killed in Russian rocket attack on Vinnytsia", "Ukraine: 15 dead in rocket attack on apartment building", "Russian missiles kill at least 21 in Ukraine's Odesa region", "Donestk official: Russia using mobile crematoriums to dispose of bodies", "Up to 60 feared dead after Russia bombs school in eastern Ukraine", "Several killed in Russian missile strike on Ukraine's Odesa", "Ukraine: One year after full-scale Russian invasion, victims' rights must be at the heart of all justice efforts", "Accounts of interrogations, strip-searches emerge from Russian 'filtration' camps in Ukraine", "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine", "How can the international community respond to evidence of genocide in Ukraine? [145], Thousands of civilians were killed by Russia's indiscriminate shelling and missiles strikes against civilian areas: in Borordianka,[147] Kramatorsk,[148] Vinnytsia,[149] Chasiv Yar,[150] Serhiivka,[151] and others. [221], Ukraine brought a case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against Russia. [108] HRW called on all sides to stop using the "notoriously imprecise" Grad rockets. Violations of the laws of war committed by the Russian Federation, The body of the 4-year-old girl Liza Dmitrieva (left) and the severed part of her mother's leg (right) after the Russian, International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, international sanctions have been imposed against Russian officials, United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, opened fire on a refugee convoy marked with white flags, 19992000 siege and bombardments of Grozny, 2006 deportation of Georgians from Russia, ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia, Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas, International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ukraine's territory to be under occupation, United Nations General Assembly resolution A/73/L.47, War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Claims of genocide of Ukrainians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian strikes on hospitals during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, indiscriminately fired at refugees trying to flee across a collapsed bridge, Odessa was bombed continuously for months, transfer of 2,000 children from orphanages and institutions to Russia, New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy, Russian missile strike was fired directly at a nine-storey residential building in Dnipro, largest refugee crisis of the 21st century, The Russian missile attack on a shopping mall in Kremenchuk, Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, Lt Yevgeny Khudyakov and Lt Sergei Arakcheyev, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Musayev, Labazanova and Magomadov v. Russia, International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine, "No progress in Chechnya without accountability", "Worse Than a War: "Disappearances" in Chechnyaa Crime Against Humanity", "NO HAPPINESS REMAINS" CIVILIAN KILLINGS, PILLAGE, AND RAPE IN ALKHAN-YURT, CHECHNYA, "Georgia: International Groups Should Send Missions", "Ukraine: Rebel Forces Detain, Torture Civilians - Dire Concern for Safety of Captives", "Ukraine: Mounting evidence of war crimes and Russian involvement", "Russia/Ukraine: Invasion of Ukraine is an act of aggression and human rights catastrophe", "Ukraine: Human Cost of Brutal Russian Invasion", "Syria: Russia's shameful failure to acknowledge civilian killings", "Russia/Syria: Extensive Recent Use of Cluster Munitions | Human Rights Watch", "Syria/Russia: Incendiary Weapons Burn in Aleppo, Idlib", "Russia/Syria: War Crimes in Month of Bombing Aleppo", "War crimes have been committed in Ukraine conflict, top UN human rights inquiry reveals", "War crimes, indiscriminate attacks on infrastructure, systematic and widespread torture show disregard for civilians, says UN Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine", "Russia Committed 'Clear' Violations Of Humanitarian Law And War Crimes, OSCE Says", "Russia committed human rights violation in Georgia war, ECHR rules", "Court Condemns Russia for Violating Human Rights After 2008 Georgia War", "European court: Russia must answer for abuses in 2008 Georgia war", "EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in Ukraine", "The list of global sanctions on Russia for the war in Ukraine", "Russia withdraws from International Criminal Court treaty", "Russia's withdrawal from International Criminal Court statute is 'completely cynical', "War Crimes In Chechnya and the Response of the West", The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation - Report of the Secretary-General, Yeltsin Orders Bombing Halt On Rebel City, 'These People Can Never Be Pacified': A Report From The Besieged City, Where Russian Bombs Haven't Dented Chechen Resolve, The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation Report of the Secretary-General. startxref It seems conceivable to me that even if the group of military forces running the Third Reich under Hitler had been small compared to the population of the German Empire as a whole, (and perhaps it was), still, a very small group of people, setting up a totalitarian regime and using appalling violence to defend their power, could potentially put an enormous number of people into fear and submission. When they arrived there,they found the office vacant, with signs of a hasty departure. According to a survivor of the incident, upon having yelled out to the soldiers, "Please don't shoot us, we are local civilians," the soldiers ordered them to come out of the cellar with their hands up. This revenge refers to the fact that the Soviet people were the first to experience atrocities and mass murder of civilians, at the hands of the German Reich, who had invaded this area earlier in WWII. by sylvieK4 09 Nov 2004, 15:59, Post [25][26] On April 7, 2022, the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3 suspended Russia from the UN Human Rights Council membership due to war crimes in Ukraine. Web182K views 2 years ago ELBLG During the Soviet conquest of East Prussia the Red Army behaved very cruel towards the German civilians. Period", "Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes", "Hundreds of graves discovered after Russians leave Ukraine city", "Ukraine: Russian attacks on critical energy infrastructure amount to war crimes", "Ukraine: Civilian attacks 'must end immediately' says UN, as search for Dnipro survivors continues", "Ukraine: deliberate destruction of culture must stop, say rights experts", "Russia's Campaign of Urbicide in Ukraine", "Ukraine war: Russia used cluster weapons at least 24 times, says UN's Bachelet", "Ukraine: 'Senseless war' has triggered 'colossal torment': Griffiths to Security Council", "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN", "UN's Bachelet condemns 'horrors' faced by Ukraine's civilians", "UN rights chief deplores Ukraine death toll one year after Russian invasion", "Russia committing war crimes by deliberately bombing civilians and aid workers, says Amnesty International | Middle East | News", "Syria: Relentless bombing of civilians in Eastern Ghouta amounts to war crimes", "Russian-led assault in Syria leaves over 500 civilians dead: rights groups, rescuers", "Syria-Russia Attack on Refuge an Apparent War Crime", "A Civilian Camp in Syria Was Bombed. 22 Mar. These attacks on critical civilian infrastructure were deemed as illegal and as war crimes. Yet in the USA, particularly at the present time, we are so obsessed with the politics of race, that it often seems that the only people deemed to have a right to claim (and study or even know about) their own ancestors legacy of suffering, are those who are not white. WebOn August 11,1914, a week and a half after war had broken out between Germany and Russia, a terrified crowd from the East Prussian border village of Radszen appeared at the [20][21][22], When the International Criminal Court (ICC) started to investigate Russia's annexation of Crimea for possible violations of international law, Russia withdrew its membership on 16 November 2016. My father and his entire family were refugees from Memelland in East Prussia they had to flee and leave behind all their land, all their property, and they were never able to return. Nearly all the killings were committed by Russian soldiers who were looting.
Change). [42] The bloodbath of Grozny shocked Russia and the outside world, causing severe criticism of the war. [46][47][48] There were also rapes,[49][50][51] which, along with women, were also subjected to men. Emmanuil Evzerikhin/TASS. Killings were accompanied by arson in an attempt to destroy evidence of summary executions and other civilian killings. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 07:01, Post So, the suffering of East Prussians and ethnic Germans is still little known in the USA. [29] Two cases involved Russian soldiers murdering humanitarian aid workers who tried to save a civilian from execution on a street in Grozny. by sylvieK4 11 Nov 2004, 03:29, Post [170] By 21 February 2023, a year into the invasion, the UN recorded 8,006 killed civilians, including 487 children. [207] On 3 March 2023, a Ukrainian court sentenced a Russian pilot to 12 years in prison for dropping eight bombs on the Kharkiv TV and radio station. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. [178][179] On 2 February 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) issued a report on the battle of Aleppo, confirming that Russia used cluster and incendiary weapons. [136][137], During the Battle of Kharkiv, the city was destroyed by Russian shelling, including a boarding school for blind people. These war crimes have included murder, torture, terrorism, deportation or forced transfer, abduction, rape, looting, unlawful confinement, unlawful airstrikes or attacks against civilian objects, and wanton destruction. The German-based NGO Society for Threatened Peoples accused the Russian authorities of genocide in its 2005 report on Chechnya. %PDF-1.4 % Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin by Timothy Snyder WebIn particular Galicia and Bukovina, East Prussia and Russian-Poland were affected as well as the Baltic. [190] In December 2007, Lt Yevgeny Khudyakov and Lt Sergei Arakcheyev were sentenced to 17 and 15 years for killing three Chechen construction workers near a Grozny checkpoint in January 2003. A Ukrainian official said that Russia is using mobile crematoriums to dispose of bodies in Mariupol in an attempt to cover up evidence of war crimes and hide the number of people that have died. by Peter H 15 Nov 2004, 03:37, Post A member of Human Rights Watch witnessed the exhumation of a "mass grave" in Sloviansk that was uncovered after insurgents retreated from the city. WebThe Russians, in contrast, are portrayed as noble and heroic. 0000001543 00000 n Can anyone help me with information about Russian atrocities committed during the 1914 invasion of East Prussia? And don't you dare sully the Russian soldier with your dirty hands! [80][81] There were also reports of the use of chemical weapons, banned according to Geneva law. One story is telling: a group of East Prussian residents went to the local office of the Nazi party, seeking instructions on fleeing the area. Many starved even after reaching safe lands. [15], The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claims that Russian air strikes and artillery shells have killed 18,000 people, including nearly 8,000 civilians, in Syria by 1 October 2018. During the Staropromyslovsky massacre between December 1999 and January 2000, Russian soldiers went on an apparent spree, rounding up civilians and summarily executing them. That one, quite tragically, appears to have been sunk by British forces. (LogOut/ However, an often forgotten/ignored intervention happened on September 17th as part of the Nazi/Soviet agreement (Molotov-Ribbentrop pact), Russia invaded Poland from the east. Cum au fost omori 3.000 de romni, la grania cu Romnia, pe 1 aprilie 1941, de Pate", "75 Years Since 'The Romanian Katyn' Massacre At Fntna Alb 3,000 Romanians Killed", "Commemoration of Fntna Alb massacre: tears, grief, gratitude", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb. A German manifesto blamed the Russian hordes for barbarous methods of warfare during the invasion of East Prussia in August and early September 1914, when about 100 civilians were killed. The former citizens of Poland-Lithuania rebelled against Russia again in 1830 and 1863. [216] In January 2016, the ICC also opened an investigation into possible war crimes perpetrated during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. [32], Throughout the First Chechen War, human rights organizations accused Russian forces of starting a brutal war with total disregard for international humanitarian law, causing tens of thousands of unnecessary civilian casualties among the Chechen population. I might add that I have studied the First World War in the East rather extensively and I don't believe that the Russian troops behaved substantially worse or better than the troops of other countries. %%EOF It concluded that their use on densely populated area in eastern Aleppo "amounts to the use of an inherently indiscriminate weapon, constituting the war crime of indiscriminate attacks in a civilian populated area". [4] Russian warplanes bombed civilian population centres in Georgia proper and villages of ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia. The other is a novel by Ruta Sepetys, herself a daughter of East Prussian refugees, called Salt to the Sea. As well, the Third Reich made virtual prisoners of the German populace, living under totalitarian rule. On 16 March 2022, a ruling was reached, and the ICJ ordered Russia to "immediately suspend the military operations" in Ukraine. It was torpedoed by the Soviets and resulted in a loss of life of 3600 souls. Not only had it saved the Prussian heartland from occupation by an enemy the German propagandists increasingly chose to depict as "barbarian" -. [68][69][70] Russian troops had cluster-bombed the village a day prior before entering the village, telling local residents to come out from their cellars for inspection the next day. [206] On 23 December 2022, a Ukrainian court sentenced four Russian soldiers to 11 years in prison for abducting and torturing three residents of Borova who formed an Anti-Terrorist Unit. [195][196][197] On 17 November 2022, a Dutch court found Girkin, Dubinsky and Kharchenko guilty and sentenced them in absentia to a life in prison.

[92] Conservative estimates assume that at least 100,000150,000 people died in the two conflicts. Just like the maritime disasters that seem to have been lost to public awareness, the massive tragedy and wholesale expulsion of the East Prussians from their homeland (it has been termed ethnic cleansing by one author) at the tail end of the war and afterward, is hardly known to most of us, and was certainly never taught in school. [19] In 2021, the ECHR also separately found Russia guilty of murder, torture, looting and destruction of homes in Georgia, as well as preventing the return of 20,000 displaced Georgians to their territory.[20][21][22]. [100], Additionally, the Russian military did nothing to prevent the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia in the area under its control. [191], On 24 May 2018, after extensive comparative research, the Dutch investigation concluded that the Buk that shot down the 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 came from the Russian 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade in Kursk. [120] AI also said that a recording released by the Kyiv Post of a man, allegedly separatist leader Arseny Pavlov, claiming to have killed fifteen Ukrainian prisoners of war was a "chilling confession", and that it highlighted "the urgent need for an independent investigation into this and all other allegations of abuses". Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chechnya declared its independence.