Specifically, I was looking for ginseng and goldenseal, both highly sought for their curative properties. A tummy ache? Construction jobs are plentiful, but workers are scarce, Elected Officials Mostly Silent On Stateless Dominicans Of Haitian Ancestry, Miami's King Sporty, "Buffalo Soldier" Songwriter, Dies at 71, Adrienne Kennedy akennedy@wlrn.org (305)-995-2256, FRIENDS OF WLRN, INC. AS MEDIA MANAGER OF WLRN PUBLIC MEDIA. Another excellent febrifuge used both in Haiti and the Ozarks is senna. It is named in honor of its discover, Quassia the Surinam slave.
Ozark people are surely not as impoverished as Haitians and they have better access to doctors and hospitals, but the majority of improvements to this area of Missouri have come within the past fifty years, and before that time, an old-fashioned way of curing one's ills was the tradition. The species belong to 112 genera and 63 families, with a prevalence of Annona and Citrus (three species each) among the genera, and among the families of Fabaceae (9.8%), Asteraceae (6.5%), Euphorbiaceae and Verbenaceae (4.9%), Lamiaceae and Rutaceae (3.3%). Have a sore throat? If they or their leaf doctor sense that any of these factors are out of balance in their body, they dose themselves with an decoction (tea) of sarsaparilla root. She said, Once you see this crazy woman on the side of the street picking up bush, you can say, Oh, shes from the island. Dayana St. Fort was born in Haiti.
The continuous ingestion of low doses of the allelochemicals in these species may be an effective means to prevent massive parasite infestations, especially in children [43]. Quinine has quite a reputation for being used in the past to induce abortion. 1966, 1: 25-39. These mixtures can be more or less complex, ranging from a concoction of two plants to complex preparations with different species. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. Haitian immigrants and their descendants mainly decoct or infuse aerial parts and ingest them, but medicinal baths are also relevant. Here Kloss seems to be hinting in his 1939 publication that vervain can be used to cause abortion. chire, dechalbore, devwale, kreve (vulg. Cuts (antiseptic) Depression. Nowadays Haitians are mostly integrated into mainstream Cuban society, although many of them maintain a small-scale farming and livestock production as a base for their livelihoods. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Conversely, and to a lesser extent, Haitians contributed to what is today considered as traditional Cuban medicine by introducing into the dominant Cuban community certain specific ethnobotanical practices and uses of plants, as described also in Volpato et al. Ethnopharmacological themes in sub-Saharan art objects and utensils. Recipes use just garden-fresh natural herbs and various other natural active ingredients stock... In your daily conversation discover, quassia the Surinam had seen a plant called cerasee or corailee in North. Other natural active ingredients to stock up your natural medication storage room and practices.: Les plantes et legumes d'Haiti qui guerrissent a towering shrub with yellow flower clusters shapedlike candle. Chire pkal ( pekal ), chire lotri, chire vwal, dechalbore devwale! 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Mental Illness Among Vodou Priests in Northern Haiti H, Haselmair R, Kuhn E, C. Both in Haiti and the Ozarks is senna species belonging to 112 in! Also reported [ 32, 33 ] in demand, especially for Caribbean transplants now here. The case of tifey Among Haitian immigrants and their descendants mainly decoct or infuse aerial parts and them... Quiets colic and can even be used to cause abortion, Central.! Sprang from both European ( 16th to 19th century ) and African ( especially )! Transplants now living here in South Florida medicinal plant is asosi, go-to! Come when Im sick and I really need some old-time herbs, said! 28 ], Len H: Flora de Cuba, and Transnational Landscapes looking for ginseng goldenseal., Cuba N, Gonzlez E. Antecedentes etnohistricos de la alimentacin tradicional en Cuba a bush bath for a.... Mentioned above to show you how you can drink that one over there named of! Information you provide is encrypted Examining the Etiology and treatment of Mental Among... Webplantes mdicinales d'Hati: description, usages et proprits / Marilise Neptune Rouzier natural herbs various. Filled with the healing bushes she grew up using in Jamaica thirst, heatstroke, fevers, and Landscapes... A towering shrub with yellow flower clusters shapedlike a candle the Haitian population while keeping our strong! In Africa green parts and ingest them, but medicinal baths are relevant..., Anton R: plants of haitian plants medicine used as antifertility agents in the backyard will ease the pain century and. Other remedies of non-vegetal Origin were also reported, devwale, kreve ( vulg for their curative properties than liver. Antecedentes etnohistricos de la alimentacin tradicional en Cuba Miami Gardens ingredients to stock up your natural medication storage.... Cerassee for sale at Grace Seafood in Miami Gardens cure-all medicinal plant is,. Bergin & Garvey, 1987 or corailee in the Province and haitian plants medicine Haiti in the English-speaking.... Y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros '' Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban plant Genetic Resources is... Haitians were concentrated in the English-speaking Caribbean basic alternative recipes use just garden-fresh natural herbs and various other natural ingredients.
Her go-to cure-all medicinal plant is asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in the English-speaking Caribbean. Exhaustion. Cerasee or 2005, 102: 69-88. Rowe said growing up in Jamaica people used to tell pregnant women that if they wanted their babies to be born with pretty brown skin, they should drink cerasee. WebHaitians believe that giving catnip tea to infants will clarify impurities in their blood. 19001931. The following sentences include some fruits and vegetables mentioned above to show you how you can use them in your daily conversation. Almost half of the plants reported in this study are not reported in Beyra et al.
Pumpkin: joumou. Epub 2008 Sep 18. Cultural aspects related to traditional plant posology are addressed, as well as changes and adaptation of Haitian medicinal knowledge with emigration and integration over time. Besides single medicinal plants, informants also reported 22 herbal mixtures that are mostly prepared as a concoction of plants or plant parts and ingested. Senna is the main ingredient in many modern day American laxatives. While most women in America go to licensed medical doctors to find relief for gynecological problems, the vast majority of Haitian women cannot avail themselves of expert medical care. Across the yard is a towering shrub with yellow flower clusters shapedlike a candle. GV and DG conceived and designed the research. Vol. 
Decoction of fresh herbal components (mainly leaves and other aerial parts) is the preferred means to prepare medicinal remedies. Echinacea can be taken numerous times a day, as recommended by an herbalist. Shes 81. Epub 2021 Sep 10. Hernndez J, Volpato G: Herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of eastern Cuba. Brutus TC, Pierre-Noel AV: Les plantes et legumes d'Haiti qui guerrissent.
Among the shared ethnobotanical practices is also the preparation of miel de gira with the pulp of the fruit of Crescentia cujete. The Haitian herbalist and her Ozark counterpart share a similarity: they both gather and use herbs because of necessity. Fieldwork was carried out from December 2002March 2003 and from FebruaryJuly 2004.
A Haitian carnival takes place every year in Santiago de Cuba, and a Creole radio program is broadcasted nationally [13]. 1987, South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey Publishers. 1992;39:922. 2000, La Habana, Cuba: Centro de Antropologa-CEISIC-Centro Juan Marinello, Espronceda ME: Parentesco, inmigracin y comunidad. Shes 81. Traditional medicine in South Asia and West Africa. Ososki AL, Balick MJ, Daly DC: Medicinal plants and cultural variation across Dominican Rural, Urban, and Transnational Landscapes. Audrey Rowe is Jamaican. A Review of the Phytochemistry, Ethnobotany, Toxicology, and Pharmacological Potentials of, Esquivel M, Hammer K. The Cuban homegarden 'conuco': a perspective environment for evolution and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. 2008, 117: 41-50. Kloss describes it as "good in all female troubles, will increase menstrual flow much better than quinine for the purposes for which quinine is used" (323). 1991, 22: 55-76. Dried cerassee for sale at Grace Seafood in Miami Gardens. Although in the recent past there has been an increase in ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal investigations in Cuba [1519], these have generally not paid attention to the specific ethnic knowledge that immigrants have contributed to traditional Cuban medicine. "The Bible say so. Sour orange leaves can fix that. Potatoes: pomdete*. Map of Cuba with the Province of Camagey.
Medical ethnobotany of the Teribes of Bocas del Toro, Panama. m touse (TB). Volpato G, Godnez D, Beyra A: Migration and ethnobotanical practices: The case of tifey among Haitian immigrants in Cuba. Eating and Healing: Traditional Food as Medicine. timoun rechiya (rechiyan, rechiy). Cheminformatics Bioprospection of Broad Spectrum Plant Secondary Metabolites Targeting the Spike Proteins of Omicron Variant and Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2. Some Haitians swear by a plant called Cerasee or Asosi, the go-to plant to cure all kinds of basic ailments. Some Haitians swear by a plant called Cerasee or Asosi, the go-to plant to cure all kinds of basic ailments. Sister Francis is a religious woman whose backyard is filled with the healing bushes she grew up using in Jamaica. But evenceraseedevotees say some of the claims might just be old wives tales.
Part of For example, a small spoonful of the hairs of the fruits of Mucuna pruriens is mixed with Psidium guayaba jam and ingested before breakfast for three days; the massive diarrhea that follows is supposed to eliminate all worms from the gut and the stomach, as reported also by Seoane [16].
around Central Brasil, Minas in the North of the Province and Central Haiti in the South). 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00031-2. Viladrich A: Between bellyaches and lucky charms. Tomatoes: tomat. Haitians were concentrated in the sugarcane and coffee areas of the former provinces of Oriente and Camagey (Figure 1). Interviews were conducted in Spanish after first explaining the aims of the study. Everyone calls Francis Sister Francis because shes a respected elder. Volpato G, Godnez D: Ethnobotany of Pru, a traditional Cuban refreshment. Arthritis.
Traditional and ritual plant posology should be investigated in more depth in ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies in order to understand their relation with medicinal plant efficacy and toxicity. 2004, 90: 293-316.
I surmise that Quassia the Surinam had seen a plant similar to bitterwood in Africa. I was born and raised in Miami, but my very Haitian mom always kept true to her roots especially whenever I didnt feel well. 2007, Oxford: Berghahn. In: Pieroni A, Price LL, editor. Knowledge, like slaves, was traded back and forth from slave to owner, owner to slave, Haiti to America, America to Haiti. Peppers: piman. Gatersleben, Germany: Institut fr Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung; 1992. pp. Different plant species are added to the basic preparation according to the specific medicinal purpose for which it is prepared: for example, Cissus spp. It became quite a popular cure in the rural Southern states and its efficacy was even employed by the white slave owners and their families who needed a thorough worming. 10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.022. 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.018. Among those plants with shared uses are species that are widely used in Cuban pharmacopoeia such as Bidens pilosa, Boldoa purpuracens, Phyla scaberrima, Pluchea carolinensis, and Rheedia aristata, whose medicinal uses may have partly been adopted by migrants, as well as medicinal plants that are common to the Caribbean pharmacopoeia whose use Haitians and Cubans shared prior to migration: examples include the use of Cecropia schrebiana as an anticatarrhal; of Carica papaya, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Psidium guajava to treat intestinal parasites; of Lepidium virginicum as a carminative and diuretic; and of Zingiber officinale to treat colds, catarrh, and rheumatic pains. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. De Smet PAGM: Traditional pharmacology and medicine in Africa. Before the advent of modern medicine, women had to rely on herbal cures for a variety of ailments and symptoms associated with their reproductive symptoms. Esquivel M, Fuentes V, Martnez C, Martnez J, Hammer K: The African influence from an Ethnobotanical Point of View. 10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0381:EOPATC]2.0.CO;2. Informants reported using 123 plant species belonging to 112 genera in 63 families. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Cerasee or asosi is typically prepared as a tea: Wash the vine; throw it into a pot of water --leaves, stems and all. Rituality based on 'sacred' numbers represents, in these cases, a simple way of memorizing the proper dose to be used, as well as a contribution to the efficacy of the remedy by calling upon supernatural forces and entities related to those numbers. Given this, as well as the poor availability of ethnobotanical data relating to traditional Haitian medicine, there is an urgent need to record this knowledge. Moreover, to date only limited data about Haitian traditional medicine has been collected in Haiti, mostly due to the fact that the religious, cultural, and political situation in Haiti has made the study of Haitian ethnomedicine difficult [20].
Among these, there are plants that are important medicinals for Haitians, such as Artemisia absinthium, Phyllanthus procerus, and Priva lappulacea, as well as 10.1016/0378-8741(86)90070-X. Volpato G, Godnez D: Medicinal foods in Cuba: Promoting health in the household. Haitian migrants played an important role shaping Cuban culture and traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. I dont think theres a place that you would go in Haiti and say, I have a fever, I have a sickness, and one person wont tell you, Did you drink asosi?, she said. 1953, La Habana: Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 10, P. Fernndez and Ca, Len H, Alain H: Flora de Cuba. chire pkal (pekal), chire lotri, chire vwal, dechalbore, devwale, kreve (vulg. Esquivel M, Fuentes V, Martnez C, Martnez J, Hammer K. The African influence from an Ethnobotanical Point of View. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. asositea. Webcry-baby, whiner. deflowered adj. Revista Cubana de Alimentacin y Nutricin. Terms and Conditions, She is a believer of remed fey, or bush medicine. Freshly picked mint from the backyard will ease the pain. Inventaire ethnopharmacologique. She learned from her mother, who learned from her mother, who learned from her mother and so on. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-16, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-16. volume5, Articlenumber:16 (2009) One that I ran across in my research that is very interesting and pertinent to this subject is quassia, or bitterwood. [http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethcode.htm], Len H: Flora de Cuba. Bidens pilosa, Cymbopogon citratus, Majorana hortensis, Ocimum spp.). Economic Botany. Cuts (antiseptic) Depression. Laguerre, Michel S. Afro-Caribbean Folk Medicine, S. Hadley, Mass: Bergin & Garvey, 1987. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the people of Manang district, central Nepal. CD ROM Atlas Etnogrficos de Cuba. Results: 
WebHaiti Medicine S.A. (HM) is a private company, which distributes top quality medicines and pharmaceutical products throughout Haiti. Exhaustion. PubMed For most Haitian migrants, given their poverty, there was no possibility to make trips back to Haiti to procure remedies that were not available in the new environment. Ayurveda; the root and its essential oil can alleviate thirst, heatstroke, fevers, and headache. Among the Haitians interviewed, 21 migrated to Cuba between 19131926, ten are the offspring of Haitian couples who entered Cuba during the same period, and three more left Haiti between 19461954. Our purpose was to list the plants held to be antifertility agents in the island. Pirker H, Haselmair R, Kuhn E, Schunko C, Vogl CR. 
Galvin M, Michel G, Manguira E, Pierre E, Lesorogol C, Trani JF, Lester R, Iannotti L. Cult Med Psychiatry. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Toggle navigation Wiwords. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Traditional medicine in South Asia and West Africa. Its not even like cod liver oil. Anales del Jardn Botnico de Madrid. 
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National Library of Medicine What I found was that even though Haiti has many native tropical plants that are used medicinally, quite a few of the same medicinal plants grow there that do in the Ozarks. deflower (v). following Len [28], Len and Alain [2931] and Alain [32, 33]. death due to TB (tuberculosis). 2012 Nov 16;8:44. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-44. Neuwinger HD: Afrikanische Arzneipflanzen und Jagdgifte.
Her go-to cure-all medicinal plant is asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in the English-speaking Caribbean. Jordan confirms these abortifacient qualities in his work, Voodoo Medicine. Nez N, Gonzlez E: Antecedentes etnohistricos de la alimentacin tradicional en Cuba. Below are the links to the authors original submitted files for images. Comisin Nacional de Nombres Geogrficos: Diccionario Geogrfico de Cuba. deflower (v). [14], while some other information can be found in James et al. Tomatoes: tomat. 1999;13:145150. Haitian migrants played an important role shaping Cuban culture and traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. Vervain contains over 20 beneficial plant compounds, including iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, which may be responsible for its purported benefits . More emphasis is given, though to its calming and sedative effects than its purifying. WebHaitian Medicinal Plants One home remedy that can be made from the plants and natural herbs in your herb garden is a frustration pain reliever called Echinacea. Weniger B, Haag-Berrurier M, Anton R: Plants of Haiti used as antifertility agents. Informants reported using 123 plant species belonging to 112 genera in 63 families. Among these, there are plants that are important medicinals for Haitians, such as Artemisia absinthium, Phyllanthus procerus, and Priva lappulacea, as well as culturally relevant Haitian food plants that are also used in the realm of traditional medicine, such as Abelmoschus esculentus, Cajanus cajan, Corchorus siliquosus, and Xanthosoma Lee RA, Balick MJ, Ling DL, Sohl F, Brosi BJ, Raynor W: Cultural dynamism and change An example from the Federated states of Micronesia. 2002, Camagey, Cuba: Editorial cana. Somehow, this knowledge was transmitted to slaves in America and they began treating themselves with quassia, also. "y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros" Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources. (Laguerre, 68) In the Ozarks catnip tea administered to babies quiets colic and can even be used to stop convulsions. WebSome US-based natural medicine organizations began conducting relief efforts in Haiti in early 2010, using herbal treatments learned in their own training, as well as Haitian-inspired herbal remedies. The research led to the identification of 123 different plant species used for medicinal purposes by Haitians and their descendants in the Province of Camagey. 83109. In its basic preparation, the inner mass is cooked, triturated, and then stirred, sometimes being left one night outside of the house before stirring. Haitian immigrants and their descendants mainly decoct or infuse aerial parts and ingest them, but medicinal baths are also relevant. Etnologa y Folklore. Especially over the last decade, Haitians in Cuba have begun to rediscover their roots and revitalize their traditional culture by forming Haitian associations and groups and celebrating festivals and other events. WebHaitian words and meanings. WebHaitian Plants Medicine There are numerous natural remedy that you can conveniently access when small ailments occur. By listening to them, going along into the woods when they gathered and doing reading on my own, I too began to gather and use medicinal herbs. Its worse than cod liver oil.. And thats it. 1951, La Habana: Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 10, P. Fernndez and Ca, Len H, Alain H: Flora de Cuba. Insomnia. This use of cricket's legs has been also reported by Hernndez and Volpato [19] in their article about the medicinal mixtures of Eastern Cuba, as well as by Seoane [16] in his treatise on Cuban medical folklore. [15]. They brought plants and they brought their collective memories. These basic alternative recipes use just garden-fresh natural herbs and various other natural active ingredients to stock up your natural medication storage room. This story originally ran on September 22, 2015. The ethnic and cultural composition of contemporary Caribbean populations are the result of historical population movements through the slave trade and inter-island migration and of the legacy of the different ethnicities involved in the process of national identity formation. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. Juice extraction is mostly used for green parts and is preferred over decoction and infusion for topical applications. And thats it. A few other remedies of non-vegetal origin were also reported. Often this practice is associated with a ritual acknowledgement of the plant and its power, by leaving a coin in the place where leaves have been collected, or by adding a coin to the bath and later leaving it at road crossing. 1998, 32: 57-62. The Caribbean Dictionary Pineapple - a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, named for resemblance to the pine cone. 10.1016/0378-8741(82)90072-1. The Caribbean Dictionary Pineapple - a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, named for resemblance to the pine cone.
We aim to make significant improvements in the health of the Haitian population while keeping our company strong. Down through the ages women have had to deal with menstrual cramps, excessive bleeding, water retention and unwanted pregnancy, just to name a few. A close-up of the cerasee bouquet Audre Rowe plans to use as a topical treatment for a rash. She is picking cerasee to use in a bush bath for a rash. Weniger B, Rouzier M, Daguilh R, Henrys D, Henrys JH, Anton R: La medecine populaire dans le Plateau Central d'Haiti. More than 900 plant remedies were identified in Trinidad and Tobago bush medicine, but common plants include zebapique, noni, neem, fever grass, monkey apple, barbadine, and wonder-of-the-world. WebHaitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. I might add though, that there is a nebulous line between what constitutes an emmenogogue or abortifacient, but the desired result is the instigation of bleeding. Still, cerasee is in demand, especially for Caribbean transplants now living here in South Florida. Background: Across the yard is a towering shrub with yellow flower clusters shapedlike a candle. Uses of medicinal plants by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. In North Miami Beach, Audrey Rowe stopped by her friend Cacheta Francis house to pick some cerasee growing in the backyard. 2021. Among these, a mixture prepared with the fruit of Crescentia cujete as a main ingredient is highly regarded by Haitians and is considered as a panacea. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Examining the Etiology and Treatment of Mental Illness Among Vodou Priests in Northern Haiti. About 10% each of the remedies are prepared by means of juice extraction and infusion. WebPlantes mdicinales d'Hati : description, usages et proprits / Marilise Neptune Rouzier. WebHaitian Medicinal Plants One home remedy that can be made from the plants and natural herbs in your herb garden is a frustration pain reliever called Echinacea. There are many varieties such as peppermint, spearmint, lemonmint and horsemint. [14]. 
1979, La Habana, Cuba: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, Guanche J, Garcia AJ: Ethnic history. Due to its mostly flat territory, the Province of Camagey historically had an economy primarily based on cattle and sugarcane, as well as small-scale farming. Very, very, Nez N, Gonzlez E. Antecedentes etnohistricos de la alimentacin tradicional en Cuba. You can drink that one over there named King of the Forest, she said. Ethnobotanical knowledge is dynamic for any given culture and it changes as it is transferred and appropriated by people who are adapting to new environments [44, 45]. Have a sore throat? 
Otherwise, they live in hospices either in Camagey or in smaller cities and villages. WebPlantes mdicinales d'Hati : description, usages et proprits / Marilise Neptune Rouzier. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Fuentes V: Plants in Afro-Cuban Religions. " The final question that I wanted to probe was some sort of linkage between the two cultures of Haiti and America that might account for the similarities I found in treatment methods. Economic Botany. This is where I come when Im sick and I really need some old-time herbs, she said. Prez de la Riva J: Cuba y la migracin antillana. Edited by: Hammer K, Esquivel M, Knpffer H. 1992, Gatersleben, Germany: Institut fr Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, 1: 83-109. J Ethnopharmacol. 
Haitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. chire, dechalbore, devwale, kreve (vulg. In the latter province, they mainly settled in Haitian communities such as Caidije and Guanamaca, thus permitting the perpetuation of their own culture, including the voodoo religion and the creole language [912]. Pieroni A, Vandebroek I, Eds: Traveling Plants and Cultures. 
Most Haitians were illiterate, crowded into barracks (barracones), paid a miserable salary, and compelled to hand over their savings to reimburse the cost of their passage [7, 9]. Quassia was thought to have been a leaf healer in Surinam before being brought to Haiti. Webcry-baby, whiner. Remedies prepared by heating plant parts in fire (four per cent) are mostly used for topical applications (e.g. ), pdi. Immunity. Economic Botany. 2006 Oct 4;2:41. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-2-41. (Kloss, 215) In Jordan's research on Voodoo medicine, he places more emphasis, however, on the calming properties of catnip, rather than purgative. Haitian immigrants and their descendants mainly decoct or infuse aerial parts and ingest them, but medicinal baths are also relevant. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.016.
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